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UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 


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An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas. 
: (Anthologia Latina 83) 


An Edition, with Introduction, Translation, 
and Notes 


BY 


ETHEL LEIGH CHUBB 


EF CPE 


A THESIS 


PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN 
PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR 
THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 


PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
1920 





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- An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


(Anthologia Latina 83) eae mM 






An Edition, with Introduction, Translation, 
and Notes 











BY 


ETHEL LEIGH CHUBB 


A THESIS 





PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN 
PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR 
THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 


PHILADELPHIA, Pa. Rae: 
1920 ae 





The writer wishes to express her sincere thanks to Professor 
John C. Rolfe, Professor Walton B. McDaniel, Professor Ro- 
land G. Kent, Professor George D. Hadazsits, Professor Harry 
B. Van Deventer, and Professor Edward H. Heffner for kindly 
criticism and advice given during the preparation of this thesis. 


EXCHANGE 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Editions 


Burman, Preter. Anthologia Veterum Epigrammatum et Poematum. Am- 
sterdam, 1759. Vol. 1, Lib. 1, no. 173. (Text with notes.) 

COLLECTIO PISAURENSIS OMNIUM POEMATUM, CARMINUM, FRAGMENTORUM 
LATINORUM. Pesaro, 1766. Vol. 4, pp. 237 ff. (Text only.) 

Wernsvorr, J.C. Poetae Latini Minores. Altenburg, 1785. Vol. 4, pp. 
439 ff. (Text with notes.) 

Lematre, N. E. Poetae Latini Minores ex Recensione Wernsdorfiana. Paris, 
1824. Vol. 3, pp. 357 ff. 

Meyer, Herrice. Anthologia Veterum Latinorum Epigrammatum et Poe- 
matum. Editionem Burmannianum digessit et auxit Henricus Meyerus. 
Leipzig, 1835. Vol. 2, no. 1610. (Text with brief critical notes.) 

BarHRENS, Emit. Poetae Latini Minores. Leipzig, 1882. Vol. 4, pp. 271 
ff. (Text with apparatus criticus.) 

Riesz, ALEXANDER. Anthologia Latina. Leipzig, 1869. Second edition, 
1894. Vol. 1, no. 83. (Text with apparatus criticus.) 


Articles dealing with the Text* 


BarHRens, Emit. Jahrbiicher fiir Philologie und Paedagogik, 107 (1873), 
pp. 60-61. 

Birt, TaEopor. Ad Historiam Hexametri Latini Symbola. Bonn, 1876, pp. 
61-2. (This discusses the metre also.) 

Marnty, J. Zeitschrift fiir die é6sterreichischen Gymnasien, 1871, pp. 550 ff. 

Petscuenic, M. Zeitschrift fiir die 6sterreichischen Gymnasien, 1877, pp. 
481 ff. 

Travuse, Lupwic. Philologus 54 (1895), pp. 124 ff. 

WINTERFELD, Paut von. Schedae Criticae in Scriptores et Poetas Romanos. 
Berlin, 1895, p. 46. 


* For the early emendators whose names appear in the apparatus criticus, 
Heinse, Oudendorp, Schrader, Higt, Hoeufft, and Klotz, I have relied on the 
statements of other editors. Heinse’s conjectures are probably contained 
in the ms. copy which he made of the Salmasian Codex, cf. Riese, p. XV and 
footnote 2, Burman Vol. 1, pp. XLIV-XLV. Those of Oudendorp and Schra- 
der seem to have been communicated directly to Burman, ef. Vol. 1, p. LIT: 
“Franciscus Oudendorpius, cui et eo nomine me haud parum obstrictum gra- 
tus profiteor, quod specimina huius operis typographum exercentiare censere 
adiuverit, et praesertim egregiis passim emendationibus suis optime de his 
Catalectis mereri voluerit; quemadmodum etiam clarissimus Joh. Schraderus, 
Franequeranae Academiae insigne decus, suas coniecturas, tamquam gemmas 
interlucentes, hic illic splendere concessit.’’ Burman gives Higt’s emenda- 
tions in the Mantissa Adnotationum in Vol. 2, pp. 711 ff. Those of Hoeufft 
are in his Pericula Critica; see Baehrens’ note on verse 14. 


3 


“T8342 


4 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Works in which Reference is made to the Poem, aside from the Text 

Scuort., F. Histoire abrégée de la littérature romaine. Paris, 1815. Vol. 
3, p. 53 note, p. 100. 

Monceaux, Pauu. Les Africains; étude sur la littérature latine d’ Afrique; 
les paiens. Paris, 1894, p. 367. 

Scuanz, Martin. Geschichte der rémischen Literatur. Munich, 1896. 
Part 3, p. 37. 

TruFrreL, W.S. Geschichte der rémischen Litteratur. 6th edition. Leipzig, 
1913. Vol. 3, § 398.12. 

Paumer, ArTHuR. Edition of Ovid’s Heroides. Oxford, 1898. Introduc- 
tion, p. XX, footnote 1. 

Miscellaneous 

Bayarpb, Louis. Le latin de Saint Cyprien. Paris, 1902. 

BecuteLt, Epwarp A. Edition of Sanctae Silviae Peregrinatio. Chicago, 
1902. 

Borsstpr, Gaston. Roman Africa; Archaeological Walks in Algeria and 
Tunis. English Translation by A. Ward. New York and London, 1899. 

Bonnet, Max. Le latin de Grégoire de Tours. Paris, 1890. 

Ditt, SAMUEL. Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire. 
2nd edition, London, 1906. 

GorizerR, Henri. Etude lexicographique et grammaticale de la latinité de 
Saint Jérome. Paris, 1884. 

Hopper, Hernricu. Syntax und Stil des Tertullian. Leipzig, 1903. 

Ktuner, RapHaet. Ausfiihrliche Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache. 
Zweite Auflage, Hanover, 1912. 

Mitier, Lucian. De Re Metrica Poetarum Latinorum praeter Plautum 
et Terentium. 2nd edition, Petrograd and Leipzig, 1894. 

Scumauz, J. H. Lateinische Grammatik; Syntax und Stilistik. 4th edition, 
Munich, 1910. (I. von Miiller’s Handbuch, II.2) 

ScuuBErT, O. Quaestiones de Anthologia Codicis Salmasiani; Pars I. De 
Luxorio. Vimaria, 1875. 


INTRODUCTION 
The Salmasian Codex preserves, in incomplete form, an an- 
cient anthology compiled at Carthage between the years 532 
and 534 A. D.! In this collection is found the anonymous epis- 
tle of Dido to Aeneas which is here presented. 


DatTE? AND AUTHORSHIP 


The only external evidence for the date of this poem is fur- 
nished by the known time of the compilation of the Salmasian 


‘Riese, Praefatio, pp. XXIV-XXV; Schubert, pp. 17 ff. 

*Monceaux apparently assigns it to the 3rd century, Schanz to the end of 
the 3rd century. Teuffel and Palmer think it is probably not earlier than 
the 4th century. Schoell places it in the 6th century. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 5 


Anthology, according to which it must be earlier than 534 A. D. 
A further indication may possibly be found in the fact that the 
poem is anonymous. A number of poems in the Anthology 
which are given under the names of their authors have in ad- 
dition to the name the title vir clarissimus, vir inlustris, or some 
such complimentary expression; from this the conclusion has 
been drawn that these poets were contemporaries of the com- 
piler of the Anthology.* Consequently there is a presumption 
that the poems which appear without such a title are of earlier 
date. While some weight may be given to this evidence, it 
cannot be regarded as conclusive, for there is always the pos- 
sibility that the name or complimentary title originally attached 
to any particular poem may have been lost in copying; also, 
while it is not probable that the work of an author still living 
would be inserted anonymously in an anthology, it is by no 
means impossible. 

For further evidence we must examine the poem itself. In 
two passages‘ the author expresses Epicurean views, suggesting 
’ that he was not a Christian. This fact leads Teuffel and Schanz 
to date the poem just before the official triumph of Christian- 
ity.© Here again we must beware of attaching too much im- 
portance to these expressions, for paganism still lived on and 
flourished side by side with Christianity long after the official 
recognition of the latter.6 There were, too, nominal Christians, 
like Ausonius, whose religion rested lightly upon them, and did 
not prevent them from employing the old mythological sub- 
jects and the language of paganism. Further, it must be re- 
membered that the opinions which the author attributes to 
Dido are not necessarily his own. Consequently, while we may 
conclude that the author was probably a pagan, we are not jus- 
tified in going so far as to say that the poem must have been 
written before Christianity became the official religion of Rome. 


3Riese, pp. XXVI-XXVIII. 
441 and 121-2; cf. also 63 and note. 


‘Cf. Teuffel, Vol. 3, §398: “Aus der Zeit vor dem amtlichen Siege des Chris- 
tentums scheint eine Anzahl von Schriftwerken in gebundener Form zu stam- 
men, die sich mit Unbefangenheit oder gar Heiterkeit auf dem Boden der 
alten Gétterwelt bewegen und die iiberlieferten Formen meist mit leidlicher 
Sicherheit handhaben.”’ 


SDill, pp. 385 ff. 


6 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Aside from the foregoing indications, we have only the evi- 
dence of language and style, an uncertain means of determin- 
ing the date of a poem so short as this, so imitative, and so full 
of reminiscences of earlier authors. The writer was conscious- 
ly using Vergil and Ovid as models; his diction frequently echoes 
that of other classical poets. Thus the language of his own 
time is overlaid with that of the writers whom he imitates. We 
may, however, note the following indications of later date: 

(1) Metre. The metre is correct according to classical stand- 
ards, except that in three places’ initial h is counted as a con- 
sonant in making position. This is a peculiarity of Christian 
poetry, and first appears in the fourth century. Our author 
does not follow this rule consistently, for in sixteen places h is 
treated just as in verse of the classical period. FElision is re- 
markably rare, occurring only five times.° 

(2) Syntax. The following variations from classical usage 
occur: ¢ 

Double negative for emphasis (29). 

Fruor with the accusative case (49). 

Licet as a conjunction with the pluperfect subjunctive (115) 
and with the indicative (148-9). The former is first found in 
the early imperial period, the latter from the time of Apuleius. 

Perfect infinitive used with the force of the present (115, 128). 
This is not peculiar to late Latin, but becomes more frequent 
in the later period, and according to Schmalz" is a favorite use 
with Christian writers. 


POSE OSD: 8See note on 98. 

956, 95, 98, 110, 147. 

The infrequency of elision is not of much value in establishing the date; 
from the time of the Silver Age elision was avoided by some poets, but there 
is no regular decrease in the frequency of its occurrence; cf. E. H. Sturtevant 
and R. G. Kent, Transactions of the American Philological Association, 46, 
pp. 146 ff. 

Birt (pp. 61-2) points out a further peculiarity in the very frequent use 
of two caesuras, dividing the line into three parts. He finds the same peculi- 
arity in the short poem of 20 lines on Phaedra, attributed to Vincentius (Anth. 
279). On these grounds he concludes that this epistle also is the work of Vin- 
centius. These metrical peculiarities are not in themselves sufficient reason 
for attributing the two poems to the same author, in the absence of other 
marked resemblances; moreover, the poem on Phaedra is much more faulty 
metrically, containing several mistakes in quantity within its short limits. 

10For fuller discussion see notes on verses cited. Pp. 435-6. 


An Anonymous Episile of Dido to Aeneas 7 


Future participle used more frequently than in the classical 
period (45, 56, 74, 87).” 

Asyndeton (124 and 129) is noted by Teuffel’® as an indication 
of late date. 

(3) Vocabulary. The following words or expressions show 
certain peculiarities :“ 

libenter habe (2), incole (3), dictare salutem (6), pendet (144) 
apex (22), sacramenta (33), convincere (37) and resolvere (9), 
for the corresponding simple verbs, capit (69), fluctus (75), 
vota queror (87), durum tuli (103-4), vota cupts (137), sidere (141), 
meus as vocative (144). 

These peculiarities of usage, taken all together, point decided- 
ly to a date not earlier than the fourth century. The choice of 
subject and the general treatment lead to the same conclusion. 
In the time of barren imitation which succeeded the great cre- , 
ative period of Roman literature, admiration for the master- 
pieces of the past so dominated the minds of educated men that 
it left little room for originality, or rather whatever originality 
existed spent itself on mere matters of form and language. The 
old themes were treated again and again, and ornamented with 
new rhetorical devices. Among the great poets Vergil was re- | 
vered above all, his works were studied in the schools and used 
as models for imitation.1* The absurd length to which this ven- 
eration was carried is shown in the Vergilian cento, consisting 
of phrases from that poet fitted together with much ingenuity 
so as to make a new poem on a totally different subject.1¢ A 
regular school exercise was the dictio, an expansion of a line of . 
passage from Vergil.17. The works of Macrobius and of Martir 


For statistics of the frequency of occurrence of the future participle in dif- 
ferent writers see E. B. Lease, American Journal of Philology 1919, pp. 262 ff. 

BVol. 3. §398.12. 

\4For fuller discussion see notes on verses cited. 

1Dill, pp. 385 ff. 

14Anth. 1.7-18° 

17Three of these have been preserved in the Anthology (223, 244, 255) under 
the heading Locus Vergilianus or Thema Vergilianum. Among the Dic- 
tiones of Ennodius is one (in prose) entitled Verba Didonis cum abeuntem vi- 
deret Aenean (Dict. 28). The grammarian was occupied with Vergil to such 
an extent that to say he knew Vergil was sufficient designation of his calling, 
as in the epigram beginning Arma virumque docens atque arma virumque peri- 
tus, Baehrens Poetae Latini Minores 5, p. 98. 


8 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


anus Capella are an indication of the reverence which was paid 
to him in the fourth century. Of such a period as this our poem 
is evidently a production. 

In regard to the place of composition we have no indication 
except the fact that the Salmasian Anthology was compiled at 
Carthage. Apparently all the contemporary poets included in 
the collection are African,'® and it is natural to suppose that 
many of the anonymous works also have the same origin. We 
know that Carthage was a flourishing centre of culture and lit- 
erary activity during the early centuries of the Christian era. 
Many minor works must have been produced there by mediocre 
writers whose names have not survived, and it is much more 
probable that compositions of slight merit found their way into 
an anthology put together at the place where they originated, 
than that they came from other parts of the Empire. The sub- 
ject of Dido and her sorrows is one that might naturally be ex- 
pected to appeal particularly to a Carthaginian poet. 


The epistle itself shows that the author was some one who 
was familiar with the early poets, especially with Vergil, Ovid, 
Horace, and Lucretius, for it abounds in verbal reminiscences 
of their works. The correctness of the versification, too, proves 
that he was well trained in the schools. On the other hand it 
shows little originality, and there is an entire absence of poetic 
inspiration or deep feeling. Such a writer might naturally be 
found among those whose profession was the study and teaching 
of literature, and it seems reasonable to conclude that the au- 
thor may have been a Carthaginian rhetorician or grammarian 
of the latter part of the fourth or the beginning of the fifth cen- 
tury. ‘The poem is valuable in showing what were the interests 
and literary activities of educated men of this period, and in in- 
dicating the strength of the influence which was still exercised 
by Vergil and Ovid. 


8Riese, p. X XIX. Boissier, pp. 238 ff.; Monceaux, pp. 459 ff. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 9 


STYLE AND LITERARY CHARACTERISTICS 


By the majority of those who mention it, the poem is briefly 
dismissed as a mere rhetorical exercise. Palmer?®® is the only 
one of its critics who allows it any merit. The choice of a theme 
already treated by Vergil and Ovid inevitably challenges com- 
parison with the works of those poets, and such comparison is 
not to the advantage of our poem. Yet if we accept the au- 
thor’s own estimate of himself as modicus poeta,2! and keep in 
mind the narrow limits within which he confines his work, it 
is not altogether without charm and interest. While in a sense 
it is nothing more than a rhetorical exercise, a comparison with 
the dictiones referred to above shows that it is of much greater 
length than they, and much more original in its treatment of 
the subject chosen. 

The poet doubtless had Ovid’s epistle of Dido®? before him 
as his model. The setting in the story is the same as Ovid’s, 
namely the time when Dido asks her sister Anna to carry her 


appeals to Aeneas.23 The conception of Dido’s character also , . 


is Ovid’s rather than Vergil’s—she is gentle and forgiving, re- 
signed to death. She reproaches Aeneas, it is true, after the 
manner of Vergil’s heroine, but her remonstrances are only a 
mild echo of Vergil’s passionate words, and her brief anger is 
soon suceeded by gentler emotion. Her last wish is for Aeneas’ 
safety. The language, as well as the general treatment, is more 
suggestive of Ovid than of Vergil, as might be expected; for the 
former could be imitated much more easily by a writer of medi- 
ocre ability. Again and again phrases occur which echo those 
of Ovid,*4 showing that the author must have been sufficiently 
familiar with his works to reproduce his language unconsciously. 

Yet at the same time he altogether lacks the smooth, easy 
flow of Ovid’s verse. The thought is frequently difficult to 
follow, partly because the language is condensed to the point of 
obscurity. A noticeable characteristic is a certain poverty of 
vocabulary, which shows itself in the repetition of the same 
words and phrases, e. g. vota nocentis (39, 99), honesta pericula 
(97, 136), peritura (74, 87), perfide (35, 119, 124). Nocens in 


20p. XX, footnote 1. 25 2H pist. 7. 
*3Verg. Aen. 4.437-8; cf. Palmer p. 339. 
*4See notes passim. 


10 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


different forms occurs six times, and vota eleven times. Quite 
striking is a tendency to repeat a word three or four lines after 
its first occurrence, e. g. ipse dolor (11), dolor ipse (16), cf. ipse 
dolor (89); ligavit (17), ligat (20); conscia (29 and 32); pendet (14), 
pependet (18); alitura (56), alit (59); reparare (69), reparant 
(73); miseram (90 and 92); manus (92), manu (94); nefas (97 
and 99). 

The most original and the best part of the poem is the long 
passage?> contrasting the constant changes in nature with the 
enduring grief of unhappy love. The idea is by no means new, 
but it is developed here to an unusual length and with consider- 
able skill. As we should expect, the details are of literary ori- 
gin, not drawn directly from nature. The passage is divided 
into stanzas of equal length by the refrain Sua taedia solus fal- 
lere nescit amor. Less effective is the second refrain,?* Cuz dig- 
na rependes, si mihi dura paras? It does not mark off a dis- 
tinct division of the poem, as does the first one, the stanzas are 
not so clearly separated in thought, and one of them is longer 
by a line than the others. 

A marked feature of the poem is the use that is made of allit- 
eration. The following lines show striking instances of this: 


8. modo, me magis, mortis 78-9. roscida, rident, rosis 
15. calamus celerare querellas 87. vota, vellem 
17. vias et verba 92. membra manus, miseram 
27-8. conubium, crimen, credula, 95. morte, mersum, figere ferrum 
cuncta 96. pectore pulsum 
40. verba, voco, vulnera 97. pericula passus 


2542-82. 6100 ff. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 1a 


SIGLA* 


A= Codex Parisinus 10318, commonly known as Salmasianus, 
from its former owner Salmasius (Claude de Saumaise), into 
whose possession it came between the years 1609 and 1620. 
This is the only original ms. authority. It is written in uncials, . 
and belongs to the seventh, or perhaps the beginning of the 
eighth century. A description of it, with an account of its his- 
tory, is given by Riese (pp. XII ff.); see also Traube, Philologus 
54, p. 124. It is reproduced in facsimile under the title: Bib- 
Viothéque Nationale: département des manuscrits: Anthologie de 
Poétes Latins dite de Saumaise; reproduction réduite du manu- 
scrit en onciale, Latin 10318, de la Bibliothéque Nationale; Paris, 
1903. 

A’ = Corrections of A in the original hand. 

a= Emendations of Salmasius, written in the margin of A. 

a= Emendations made by the writer of the Schedae Di- 
vionenses, a copy of A made at Divio (Dijon) between the years 
1651 and 1756, and now at Heidelberg. This ms. was used by 
Burman, who regarded it as of great value. 

C= Codex Parisinus 8069, containing selections which were 
probably intended for use in schools; see Riese pp. XLI-XLII. 
It contains only two verses of this poem, 4 and 6. 


The apparatus criticus is based on that of Riese’s second 
edition, but for the sake of the completeness which seems de- 
sirable, a number of proposed conjectures are included which 
Riese does not note. 

The text represents the reading of A when not otherwise noted. 

The abbreviations used in the notes are those of the The- 
saurus Linguae Latinae. 


*Those used in Riese’s edition; see Riese p. 33. 


wh v0, : 
fA 





An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 13 


ANALYSIS 


1-5 Preface, in which the author asks the reader’s indul- 
gence. 

6-26. Pride should have kept me from appealing to you, 
but love has overcome my pride. Let this confession be my 
excuse. 

27-41. My only fault was that I trusted you too much; is 
this the reward I deserve? The reasons that you give for going 
are only excuses to hide your faithlessness. 

42-82. Everything in nature changes; love alone is unchang- 
ing: 

43-47. The moon and the sun alternately prevail. 

48-52. Quiet night succeeds the day. 

53-57. The nightingale through the influence of the 
night forgets her grief for a time. 

58-62. Night brings joy to the happily married husband 


and wife. 

63-67. Spring brings the renewal of vegetation on the 
earth. 

68-72. Sleep restores the strength of the weary husband- 
man. 


73-77. The tides of the sea rise again after their ebb. 
78-81. After winter the flowers reappear. 
82-86. But the changing times and seasons bring me no 
peace. 
87-91. Grief and love do not allow me to remain silent. 
91-99. My thoughts of vengeance were overcome by love. 
100-144. I sympathized with Creiisa’s fate, I showed kind- 
ness to Iulus, I weleomed you when you were a shipwrecked 
stranger, and even gave up my throne to you, but for all this 
you show no gratitude. 
144-150. Yet love is stronger than anger, and my last wish 
is for your welfare. 


14 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


DIDO AENEAE 


PRAEFATIO 


Sic tua semper ames, quisquis pia vota requiris, 
Nostra libenter habe; quid carminis otia ludant, 
Cerne bonus, mentisque fidem probus incole iudex. 
Dulce sonat quod cantat amor; cui grata voluptas 

5 Esse potest, modicum dignetur amare poetam. 


Dido Aeneae om. A 2.abe A carmininis ocia A 3. incole A, indue Baeh- 
rens, indole Higt 4 et 6 in C fol. 1 wu. et Vaticano 639s. XI extant 4. gratia 
A, grataCa _ uoluntasC 5. amore @. 


1. Sic: i. e. on condition that you grant your favor to my work. Sic is fre- 
quently used to introduce a wish which is made conditional upon some- 
thing else; e. g. 


Verg. Ecl. 9. 30-32 Sic tua Cyrneas fugiant examina taxos, 
Sic cytiso pastae distendant ubera vaccae, 
Incipe, si quid habes. 
Hor. Carm. 1. 3. 1-8 Sic te diva potens Cypri, 
Sic fratres Helenae, lucida sidera, 
Ventorumque regat pater 


Reddas incolumem precor, 
Et serves animae dimidium meae. 
Ov. Epist. 3. 135-7. Nunc quoque, sic omnes Peleus pater inpleat annos, 
Sic eat auspictis Pyrrhus ad arma tuis, 
Respice sollicitam Briseida, fortis Achille. 
pia vota: This expression is used several times by Ovid, e. g. Am. 2. 6. 
43 Quid referam timidae pro te pia vota puellae? Met. 1. 221 Irridet 
primo pia vota Lycaon. See also Met. 8. 499, Fast. 1.722, Rem. 813. Cf. 
Auson. 390. 27-8 Nesciat hos natus, numeret properantior heres, Tes- 
tamenta magis quam pia vota fovens and 391.8 Solus eram, profugae- 
que dabam pia vota carinae. Vota is accusative of inner object. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 15 


DIDO to AENEAS 


PREFACE 


As you wish to be ever pleased with your lot, whoever you 
may be who seek what piety may ask, grant your favor to my, 
work; with kindness look upon the verses that leisure composes 
for a pastime, and, as an upright judge, cultivate an impartial. 
spirit. Sweet is the sound of what love sings; let anyone who 
can find delight in pleasure deign to love even a humble poet. 


2. libenter habe: this expression is used twice in Sanctae Silviae Peregrit 
natio, Bechtel p. 24.26 itaque ergo, si libenter habes, quaecumque loca sun- 
hic grata ad videndum christianis, ostendimus tibi, and p. 32.9 quia libenter 
haberetis haec cognoscere. It does not seem to occur elsewhere, though 
habeo is found with other similar adverbs, e. g. Sall. Catil. 51. 11 multi 
eas (sc. iniurias) gravius aequo habuere. Liv. 7.5.7 Ita aegre habuit filium 
id pro parente ausum. Tac. Ann. 4. 21.2 quae in praesens Tiberius civiliter 
habuit. The use of this expression, which occurs apparently only in 
one Latin work, is of some importance for dating the poem. The Pere- 
grinatio of S. Silvia belongs probably to the last quarter of the fourth 
century, though some scholars attribute the work to a certain Aetheria, 
and place it about the middle of the sixth century. 
ludant: of the composition of light or playful verses. Cf. 

Catull. 50. 2-5 Multum lusimus in meis tabellis, 
Ut convenerat esse delicatos. 
Scribens versiculos uterque nostrum 
Ludebat numero modo hoc modo illoc. 
Verg. Ecl. 1. 9-10 Tile meas errare boves, ut cernis, et ipsum 
Ludere quae vellem calamo permisit agresti. 
Hor. Carm. 4.9.9-10 Nec, si quid olim lusit Anacreon, 
Delevit aetas. 

3. incole, the ms. reading, is kept by Wernsdorf, and explained as the use 
of a compound for simple verb, characteristic of late Latin. All the 
other editors change to indue or indole. The dictionaries give one in- 
stance of incolo for colo, Codex Theodos. 13. 1. 3. (361 A. D.) si ea homines 
vestri ac rusticani etiam in vestris possessionibus commorantes distrahant, 
quae in his terris quas incolunt adque in eodem rure gignuntur. There is 
a peculiar use of the word in Tert. Spect. 10 Videmus igitur etiam artes 
eorum honoribus dicatas esse qui nomina incolunt auctorum earum. (CE. 
Hoppe p. 189, who translates “‘welche die Namen der Urheber tragen.’’) 
On the whole it seems best to retain the ms. reading, although no exact 
parallel can be quoted. 


16 


10 


6. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido te Aeneas 


CARMEN 


Debuit ingrato nullam dictare salutem 

Laesus amor. Sed nulla iuvant convitia flentem— 
Si modo flere vacet! Nam me magis inproba mortis 
Fata vocant. Troiane nocens, haec dona remittis? 
Quamvis saepe gravi conponam carmine fletus, 
Plus habet ipse dolor; nee conplent verba dolorem 
Quem sensus patientis habet, vel egena requiro 


ingrado nulla A mandare C 7. Lesos A iubant A_ 8. inprobe Riese 


10. graues conponant carmina Higt 11. Plus ualet iste Higt dolores Higt 
12. pangentis Baehrens uel regna A, nec regna Higt, uel recta Wernsdorf, 
uel penna recusat Baehrens, vertenda Riese, vel egena Traube. 


6. 


cf 


salutem refers to the usual beginning of a letter, salutem dicit. Cf. Ov 
Epist. 13.1 Miuttit, et optat amans quo mittitur ire salutem. 
dictare salutem means merely “write a letter.’”’ Owing to the fact that 
dictation was the usual custom, dictare came to mean nothing more than 
write. Cf. Juv. 6. 218 

Non unus tibi rivalis dictabitur heres. 
Suet. Tit. 6. 1 Cum patris nomine et epistulas ipse dictaret et edicta con- 
scriberet. Sidon. Epist.1.7 dominum dictasse profitebatur, se dictasse pro- 
clamat, quod ipse dictasset. Numerous other examples are cited in the 
Thesaurus. This use became very common in the Middle Ages; see W. 
Wattenbach, Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter, pp. 266 ff. 
convitia: a late spelling for convicia. 


Sieur cra eee vacet: the si clause expresses a wish. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 


187-8 Si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus 

Ostendat nemore in tanto. 
flere vacet: cf. Ov. Met. 10. 3887 Tum denique flere vacavit. 
Nam: the connection of thought is: (But there is no time to weep,) 
for the cruel fate, ete. 
magis: potius, or some expression meaning “on the other hand” might 
be expected here. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 1 


POEM 


Injured love should have written no word of greeting to one 
who is ungrateful. But reproaches are no remedy for tears — 
if only there were time for tears! Instead the cruel fate of 
death summons me. Guilty Trojan, is this the gift you send 
me in return? However often I try to still my weeping by 
writing bitter verses, my very grief proves stronger; no 
words can satisfy the grief that my too patient heart endures, 


inproba: Riese changes the ms. reading to inprobe, apparently because 
the vocative occurs in 34 and 124. There is no reason for any change; 
inproba is an appropriate epithet to apply to fata. 
mortis fata: ef. Cic. Tim. 40 neque vos ulla mortis fata periment; also 
the Homeric kjeesg Oavatoto, Il. 2. 302, 834; 12. 326, ete. 

9. fata vocant: cf. Verg. Aen. 10. 471-2 

et iam sua Turnum 
Fata vocant. 
Ov. Epist. 6. 28 me quoque fata vocant. 
7.1 Sic ubi fata vocant. 
Sil. 16. 698-9 Talibus adcensi patres, fatoquo vocante, 
Consulis adnuerunt dictis. 

Voco and ka\éw are used especially of the summons of death or of the 
dead; see Peerlkamp’s note on Hor. Carm. 2. 20. 6, where examples are 
cited. 
nocens is a favorite word of our author, cf. 24, 39, 99, 124, 132. 
dona refers to Dido’s death (mortis fata), as Wernsdorf points out, not 
to the sword with which she killed herself, as Burman took it. The 
same idea is repeated in 31 Hanc reddis, Troiane, vicem? 
remittis: 1. e. as a return for the kindness that I have shown you. 

10. For the thought cf. Hor. Carm.4.11.35-36 Minuentur atrae carmine curae, 
and Ov. Trist. 4.10.111-2 Hic ego, finitimis quamvis circumsoner armis, 

Tristia quo possum carmine fata levo. 

gravi applied to poetry generally means serious, or on a serious theme. 
Here it refers rather to the bitterness of Dido’s feeling toward Aeneas. 

12. patientis suggests too patient endurance. Cf. Bell. Afr. 31. 8 pati- 
entem se timidumque hostium opinioni praebebat. Nep. Epam. 7 fuisse 
patientem suorumque iniurias ferentem civium. 


18 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Quae maledicta dedi, miseris circumdata fatis. 
Pendet amore domus, castus dolor auget amorem. 
15 Dum studet iratas calamus celerare querellas, 
Continuit dolor ipse manus, nec plura loquentem 
Passus amor, mentisque vias et verba ligavit. 
A, quotiens revocata manus dubiumque pependit! 
Quid factura fuit trepidanti pollice? Dextram 
20 Torpor et ora ligat, dum dura vocabula formant, 
Et minus explicitam condemnat littera vocem. 


13. que A_ male victa Higt miseri A 14. Pendit A, Perdita Maehly do- 
mus A, dolor Hoeufft castus A, vastus Baehrens, clausus Hoeufft, cassum 
Riese augit A 15. studit iratas A animus Burman collorare A, celerare 
Higt, celare Burman, cumulare Maehly 16. manu A_ 17. meritisque A, 
mentisque Higt, metrisque Wernsdorf 18. quotiens A dubitansque Maehly 
20. ira A, ora Riese firmat A, format Schrader, formant scripsi 21. comendat 
A, condemnat Schrader voce A 


12-13. The ms. reading is clearly corrupt. The emendation adopted in 
the text, that of Traube, is palaeographically easy, involving only one 
change, regna to egena. The thought (10-13) is: ‘I ought to feel only 
anger, but when I try to reproach you, grief overcomes me; I cannot now, 
even though I wish, bring myself to utter such bitter reproaches as I 
used at first, when my wrong was still fresh in my mind.’”’ The substi- 
tution of regna may be explained on the supposition that the scribe may 
have looked ahead to domus in 14, or that he was influenced by the re 
in requiro. 

13. maledicta: such as those which Vergil makes her utter, Aen. 4. 365-387; 
and her dying prayer, 612-629. 

14. This line has been generally regarded as corrupt, and has called forth a 
great variety of emendations. The ms. reading, however, may be explain- 
ed so as to make good sense, and should therefore be retained. The diffi- 
culty is in pendet. Wernsdorf explains it as equivalent to in ruinam pen- 
det, pessum data est. This is not an unnatural extension of the usual 
meaning of the word, and is paralleled by Lucan. 1.24 At nunc semirutis 
pendent quod moenia tectis. It is used with the meaning which labor has 
in Verg. Aen. 4. 318 miserere domus labentis, which the poet doubtless 
had in mind. It is also supported by the couplet on Venus, Anth. 56 

Uritur igne suo fumantibus Aetna cavernis. 
Pendet amore Venus: uritur igne suo. 
In the latter Riese explains pendet as = suspensa est. 








An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 19 


or in my need I seek in vain the imprecations that I uttered when 
encompassed by an evil destiny. Because of love my house is 
tottering to its fall, my guiltless sorrow but increases my love. 
While my pen in eager haste was striving to give expression to 
angry complaints, grief itself stayed my hand, and love, per- 
mitting me to say no more, checked both the course of my 
thoughts and my words. Ah, how often was my hand recalled 
from its task, how often was it poised in doubt! What could 
it do with thumb atremble? Numbness binds fast hand and 
lips, while they are forming the harsh words, and what I write 
condemns the thought not yet expressed. The pen, guided 


castus dolor: i. e. grief for the ruin of her house, which is a pure and hon- 
orable grief. 
16. nec plura etc.: cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 385-6 
nec plura querentem 
Passa Venus medio sic interfata dolore est. 
18. A quotiens: cf. Ov. Trist. 1. 3. 51-4 
Ah, quotiens aliquo dixi properante, quid urges? 
Vel quo festines tre, vel unde, vide. 
Ah, quotiens certam me sum mentitus habere 
Horam, praepositae quae foret apta viae. 


dubium: adverbial; the adjective dubia might have been expected. 


19. trepidanti pollice: cf. Ov. Met. 9. 520 
Et meditata manu componit verba trementi. 


pollex may be used for the fingers in general, as in Ov. Amor. 3. 6. 71 
Sera tamen scindens inimico pollice crinem. 


20. Lhorpon is) «,. legal: el Ov. Met. 1548 
Vix prece finita, torpor gravis alligat artus. 


ora: the ms. ira gives a meaning exactly the opposite of what is requir- 
ed. It is ira that urges her to write the harsh words, dolor that checks 
her. Ora is supported by Ov. Met. 9. 514-5 
Coget amor, potero; vel st pudor ora tenebit, 
Littera celatos arcana fatebitur ignes. 
Riese’s change to ora necessitates the further change of the verb to for- 
mant. 
21. condemnat: the ms. commendat cannot be justified. Schrader’s cor- 
rection is generally accepted. For the thought cf. 
Ov. Epist. 13.13 Linguaque mandantis verba imperfecta reliquit. 
21. 25 Sicut erant properans verba imperfecta relinquo. 
Met. 1. 526 Fugit, cumque ipso verba imperfecta reliquit. 


20 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Torsit iter male tractus apex, dubiaque remissus 

Mente pudor, dum verba notat, dum nomina mandat 

Flamma nocens, iram taedens; penitusque cucurrit 
25 Sopitus per membra calor duroque medullas 

Igne vorat. Nullus confessam culpet amantem. 

Conubium nunc crimen erat? Male credula votis 

Cuncta dedi (nec mira fides) sub lege mariti 


22. sapex A remissos A,repressus Maehly 24. irata redens A, iram(vel irae) 
taedens McDaniel, ridens Wernsdorf, furens vel uirens Burman, ardens Birt, 
redit Klotz, iterata redit Petschenig, iram Hoeufft, iram ridet Baehrens, iram 
tardens Riese poenitusq; A 25. duro A, diro Baehrens 26. forat A, uorat 
Burman  confessus A, confessam Burman 27. conuuii A nunc A,tunc @, 
non Maehly rit Baehrens 28. fide A, fides Higt 


22. Torsit seems to indicate a wavering, unsteady line. The phrase occurs 
in Stat. Theb. 11. 312-3 
paulum si devius hostis 
Torsit tter. 
but in a different sense, meaning merely “‘turned aside.” 


iter: accusative of inner object. 
male: owing to the trembling of her fingers. 


apex: the Thesaurus gives no instance of the use of apex to mean pen. 
The word, however, indicates any pointed top or end, e. g. of a spear, 
ef. Sil. 1. 466-7 
iacit igneus hastae 
Dirum lumen apex. 
Hence it might easily be applied to the stilus. Apex was also the name 
given to the sign placed over a long vowel to indicate its quantity, and 
from this in late Latin it came to mean a letter, then writing or any- 
thing written. The latter is probably the meaning in Anth. 107. 5 
apicum dat felle figuras, though possibly it may there mean pen. 
23. notat: Ovid frequently uses noto to mean write; cf. 
Met. 9. 522-3 Incipit, et dubitat; scribit, damnatque tabellas; 
Et notat et delet; mutat, culpatque, probatque. 
Epist. 1. 62 digitis charta notata meis. 
35 (littera) Vix bene barbarica Graeca notata manu. 
5. 22 Et legor “‘Oenone”’ falce notata tua. 
mandat: ef. Ov. Hpist. 17. 143-4 
Nunc quoque, quod tacito mando mea verba libello, 
Fungitur officio littera nostra novo. 
and 13. 13 Linguaque mandantis (see note on 21). 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 21 


with difficulty, traced its crooked way, and shame was ban- 
ished from my doubtful heart, while love’s baleful flame, grow- 
ing weary of anger, wrote the words and dictated the expressions. 
The slumbering fire has sped through my inmost being, and 
with pitiless flame is consuming my very marrow. Let no one 
reproach one who admits her love. ) 


Was marriage then my sin? Too ready to believe your prom- 


ises (nor is my trust surprising), I gave all, as the right of the 


24. 


25. 


26. 


27. 


iram taedens: I am indebted to Professor McDaniel for this reading. 
It requires only a very slight change (the omission of one letter) in the 
ms. reading; the unfamiliar and unclassical use of taedens may have been 
the cause of the corruption. The noun taediwm is a favorite word with 
the author, cf. the refrain, 42, etc. In late Latin taedeo was used person- 
ally, and is found with the accusative as well as the genitive. Cf. Hier. 
Vita Malchi 7 Coepi taedere captivitatis et monasterii cellulas quaerere. 
Lact. Inst. 4.19.4 Evxterrita est quae parit et taeduit animam. 
Ale. Avit. Carm. 4. 328-9 
Nonne piger quisquam lucri taedensque laboris 
Insanire putet? 
Cf. Catull. 35. 14-5 ex eo misellae Ignes interiorem edunt medullam. 
Verg. Aen. 4. 66-7 Est mollis flamma medullas 
Interea, et tacitum vivit sub pectore vulnus. 
Sen. Phaed. 281-2 Non habei latam data plaga frontem, 
Sed vorat tectas penitus medullas (of the wound 


of love). 
Nullus ete. : this idea occurs repeatedly in Ovid, cf. 
Epist. 4. 156 Da veniam fassae duraque corda doma. 
16. 11-12 Parce precor fasso, nec vultu cetera duro 
Perlege. 
19. 4 Da veniam fassae, non patienter amo. 
Pont. 4. 2. 23-4 Da veniam fasso; studiis quoque frena remist, 
Ducitur et digitis littera rara meis. 
Met. 9. 560-1 miserere fatentis amorem, 
Et non fassurae, nisi cogeret ultimus ardor. 
Am. 2.4.3 Confiteor—si quid prodest delicta fatert. 


Conubium: trisyllabic as in Verg. Aen. 1.73; cf. also Verg Aen. 4. 316 
Per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos. 

nune has here a weakened force, merely indicating a transition; cf. 

Plaut. Stich. 171 Nunc si ridiculum hominem quaerat quispiam. 

Prop. 2. 3. 33 Hac ego nunc mirer si flagret nostra iuventus? 

2. 26. 21-2 Nunc admirentur quod tam mihi pulchra puella 

Serviat et tota dicar in urbe potens. 

Hor. Epist. 1.6.17 and 2.2.76 I nunc. 


22 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Cuius et ipsa fui; numquam nec conscia reddent 
30 Vota fidem, si talis erit non digna marito. 
Hane reddis, Troiane, vicem? Meus ista meretur 
Affectus? Non ille torus, non conscia lecti 
Sacramenta tenent? 'Totum pro crimine perdo 
Quidquid amore dedi? Fatis licet, inprobe, tendas 
35 Aemula regna meis, nihil est quod, perfide, iactes; 
Fraude perit, non sorte, fides. Sed regna petebas 
Debita, nec rerum poteras convincere sortem? 


30. erat Maehly 31. iste A, ista aw 33. tent A, tenentg@ totum, pro- 
crimine Higt perdi A, perdo Higt 34. Quid A; quid supra scripsit m. 
altera satis antiqua tentes Maehly. 35. Aemula A, Romula @ 37. con- 
uertere Baehrens, mecum poteras coniungere Riese 


crimen: ef. Ov. Epist. 7. 164 Quod crimen dicis praeter amasse meum? 
Male credula: “believing to my sorrow.” Cf. 
Ov. Rem. 451-2 At tibi, qui dominae fueris male credita uni, 
Nunc saltem novus est inveniendus amor. 
Fast, 2. 225 male creditur hosti. 
Epist. 7. 54 Expertae totiens tam male credis aquae? 
See Palmer’s note on the latter passage: ‘‘Male credereis often used of 
trusting anybody or anything with untoward result.” 
29. et = too, 1. e. in addition to all that I gave. 

numquam nec: double negative for emphasis, which is found in early 
Latin, and quite frequently in later Latin from the time of Gellius and 
Apuleius. Instances of it occur even in classical writers; cf. Schmalz 
pp. 637-8. 
Cf. Enn. Trag. 130 Lapideo sunt corde multi, quos non miseret neminis. 

Cic. Verr. 2.60 Debebat Epicrates nummum nullum nemini. 


Catull. 48. 4 Nec numquam videar satur futurus. 
76. 3-4 Nec sanctum violasse fidem nec foedere nullo 
Divom ad fallendos numine abusum homines. 
Petron. 42 Neminem nihil boni facere oportet. (This probably 


represents the language of the uneducated.) 
For further examples see G. Friedrich on Catull. 48. 4. 
conscia vota are vows that lovers know along with each other, the know- 
ledge of which they share, i. e. mutual. 
reddent . . . fidem: cf. Cic. Cat. 3.2.4 auribus vestris . . . minorem 
fidem faceret oratio mea. 
30. talis: sc. fides. Or possibly it means “ a woman such as I.” 
31. Cf. Ov. Am. 1. 6.23 Redde vicem meritis. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 23 


husband to whom I too belonged. Never will mutual vows gain 
credence, if such faith as mine is not worthy of a husband’s love. 
Trojan, is this the return you make? Is this what my love de- 
serves? Does the remembrance of our marriage couch not hold 
you, nor the oaths of fidelity that we there exchanged? As if 
guilty of crime do I lose all that I gave for love? 

Grant that it is by the decrees of fate, base wretch, that you 
are seeking a kingdom that will rival mine, there is no reason, 
traitor, for your reiterating this; by treachery, not by fate, 
is your honor lost. But (you say) you were seeking the 
kingdom that was rightfully yours, you could not overcome 


32. conscia lecti: cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 167-8 conscius aether conubii (or conubiis 

according to another reading). 
Mart. 14. 39 Dulcis conscia lectuli lucerna, 
Quidquid vis facias licet, tacebo. 
32-33. Cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 307-8 

Nec te noster amor, nec te data dextera quondam, 

Nec moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido? 
The whole series of questions in this passage is modeled on Dido’s ap- 
peal to Aeneas in Verg. Aen. 4. 305-330. 

33. Sacramenta seems to be used, as Wernsdorf says, with special reference 
to marriage, as in late and ecclesiastical Latin. Cf. Mart. Cap. 2. 117 
sonus ... quem Musarum convenientium chorus impendens nup- 
tialibus sacramentis concinebat. The word properly means something 
which is set apart as sacred, also, in the active sense, something 
which sets apart; the latter gives its commonest meaning in classical 
Latin, the oath of allegiance taken by a soldier. From this it may be 
used to mean any solemn oath or pledge. By Christian writers it is used 
to translate the Greek wustHetoy, and applied to the sacraments of the 
church. 

34. inprobe: Vergil makes Dido address Aeneas with this epithet (Aen. 4. 
386), also with perfide (Aen. 4. 366). 
tendes with accusative of limit of motion = ‘‘make your way to,” “go 
to,” as in Verg. Aen. 1. 553-4 

Si datur Italiam sociis et rege recepto 
Tendere 
and 6. 696 haec limina tendere adegit. 

35. nihil est quod occurs again in 39 and 117. In 39 it is used in a somewhat 
different sense, and is followed by the indicative. 

36-37. Sed regna etc.: this refers to Aeneas’ defense of his conduct, end- 
ing with Jtaliam non sponte sequor (Verg. Aen. 4. 333-361) and Dido’s 
scornful reply (376-380). Cf. Ov. Epist. 7. 139 

“Sed iubet ire deus’. Vellem vetuisset adire. 


24 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Si datur ire, placet; nam quod fugis unde recursus, 

Vota nocentis habes. Nihil est quod dura querellis 
40 Verba fidemque voco. Quisquis mea vulnera deflet, 

Invidiam fecisse neget; trahit omnia casus. 

Dum sortem natura rapit, sua taedia solus 

Fallere nescit amor. Reparatum Cynthia format 


38. quod A, quo a, quonam vel iam quo Higt, quid Petschenig 41. necat 
corr. ex. necant A, neget Schrader, negat Wernsdorf trai A 42. sorte A 
capit Petschenig, parit Baehrens sua . . . amor rubris litteris, ut intercalaria 
plerumque, A 438. Reparato Baehrens quintia A, corr. a 


37. convincere: cf. Anth. 118. 3 
Sed quia fas nulli humanam vincere sortem. 
Ov. Met. 2. 617-8 seraque ope vincere fata Nititur. 
Ad Liv. 234 Non tibi, non ullis, vincere fata datur. 
The compound has the sense of the simple verb vincere, a use which is 
one of the characteristics of late Latin. There is no reason for Baehrens’ 
change of convincere to convertere, nor for Riese’s reading mecum 
coniungere. 

38. placet: sc. mihi. 

38-41. A difficult passage. Wernsdorf explains vola nocentis as propositum 
nocendt. Nam quod...  habes is interpreted by Baehrens thus: 
“Quod eo fugis unde facile huc redire potes, ideo fraudem adhibes;”’ and 
by Reise: ‘(Quod ad me redire poteris, ego ‘nocens’ votis meis te ire 
iubeo.”’ The latter gives the most satisfactory sense, and is adopted in 
the translation above. Nocentis refers to Dido; she is ‘‘nocens”’ as a re- 
sult of her wrongs. The vota nocentis are wishes such as those given by 
Vergil Aen. 4. 381-4 

I, sequere Italiam ventis, pete regna per undas; 
* — Spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possunt, 
Supplicia hausurum scopulis, et nomine Dido 
Saepe vocaturum. 
The phrase vota nocentis occurs again in 99. 

The general sense of the passage is as follows: ‘If your departure 
were really the will of the gods, I would offer no objection; but you are 
only making their commands an excuse; the fact that return is possible 
shows that the separation need not be final unless you wish it. But my 
reproaches are useless; after all it is not your guilt that is the cause of 
my suffering, but chance, which controls everything.” 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 25 


the destiny that controls all things. If it is fated that you go, 
I acquiesce; for it is because you flee to a place from which re- 
turn is possible, that you carry with you the curses of one who 
would do you harm. But it is of no avail that in my complaints 
I call your words and your faithlessness cruel. Let all who weep 
for my wrongs deny that hatred was their cause; chance draws 
all things in its train. 

While nature hastens on its appointed course, love alone can- 
not beguile its own weariness. Cynthia renews her splendor 


39. Nihil est etc.: the abrupt change of thought represents the sudden var- 
iation of Dido’s mood as she wavers between anger and resignation; cf. 
6-26 and 125. 


dura: predicate adjective with both verba and fidem. Hence fidem = 
lack of faith. 
querellis: cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 360 

Desine meque tuis incendere teque querellis. 


41. Invidiam: subject of fecisse. 
trahit omnia casus: cf. Cic. Epist. 4. 12.1 quoniam casus et natura in 
nobis dominatur. 
Verg. Aen. 9.723 qui casus agit res. 
Ov. Met. 7. 815 and Trist. 2.341 me mea fata trahebant. 
Ars 3. 425 Casus ubique valet. 
Anth. 38. 1 Omnia casus agit. 
For the Epicurean sentiment cf. 121-2. 


42. taedia: cf. Ov. Epist. 3. 139 
Aut si versus amor tuus est in taedia nostrv. 


42-43. sua ... amor: this refrain is repeated nine times, marking 
off the different aspects of nature whose changes are contrasted with 
the unchanging grief of love. The refrain probably originated among 
the artificialities of Alexandrian poetry. It was used by Theocritus (1 
and 2), and from him was adopted by Vergil in Ecl. 8. Catullus em- 
ploys it in three poems (61, 62, 64), and Ovid twice makes use of it (Epist. 
9, Am. 1.6). It is also found in the Pervigilium Veneris, in Nemesianus 
(Ecl. 4), and in Calpurnius Siculus (Ecl. 11). None of these shows the 
refrain divided between two lines, as here. 

43. Fallere: cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 85 infandum si fallere possit amorem. 

Ov. Trist. 3. 2. 16 Fallebat curas aegraque corda labor. 
Reparatum: cf. Hor. Carm. 4. 7. 13 
Damna tamen celeres reparant caelestia lunae. 
Ov. Met. 1.11 Nec nova crescendo reparabat cornua Phoebe. 
The participle is used proleptically—‘‘forms so that it is renewed.” 


26 


45. 


44, 


47. 


44. 


45. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Lucis honore iubar curvatis cornibus arcus, 
Quod de fratre rubet; cessurus lege sorori 
Consumit sua iura dies; sic continet orbem. 
Dum recipit natura vicem, sua taedia solus 
Fallere nescit amor. Mersum pallentibus umbris 
Circumdat nox atra diem fruiturque tenebras 


arcus A, ardens Maehly, altum Baehrens 45. Quod A, Quum Higt 
Du A 49. tenebras A, tenebris ~, tenebrans Baehrens 


arcus: Riese marks this word with a dagger as not genuine, and emen- 
dations are proposed by Maehly and Baehrens. Its use, however, can 
be justified. Though arcus is apparently not elsewhere used of the 
moon, cornua is regularly applied both to the moon and to a _ bow. 
Cynthia, the moon goddess, was represented as a huntress armed with 
the bow; thus we have here a confusion between the goddess drawing her 
bow, and the moon itself gradually forming a complete circle as it 
reaches its fulness. Cf. Sen. Med. 97-8 


Cum Phoebe solidum lumine non suo 

Orbem circuitis cornibus alligat. 
Quod refers to iubar. 
rubet: a general term for brightness, not referring to the special redness 
of the moon at certain seasons; so also in Prop. 1.10.8 Et mediis caelo 
Luna ruberet equis. Hor. Carm. 2. 11. 10-11 Neque uno Luna rubens 
nitet Voltu. 


45-46. cessurus ... dies: ef. Catull. 5. 4-6 


46. 


Soles occidere et redire possunt; 
Nobis cum semel occidit brevis luz, 
Nox est perpetua una dormienda. 


sic: “on this condition,”’ referring to cessurus lege sorort. 


continet: “encloses, surrounds’; ef. Enn. Trag. 237-8 

Iuppiter, tuque summe Sol, qui res omnis spicis, 

Quique tuo cum lumine mare, terram. caelum contines. 
The word is similarly used with reference to aether by Pacuv. Trag. 86 
quod complexu continet terram, and by Luer. 5. 318-9 quod omnem Continet 
amplexu lerram. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 27 


with the glory of light, and curves the horns of her bow, 
glowing with brightness borrowed from her brother. The god 
of day, destined by law to yield in turn to his sister, uses up his 
privileges; thus he encompasses the earth with light. While 
nature renews her changes, love alone cannot beguile its own 
weariness. 

Black night envelopes the day, plunging it in dim shadows, 
and enjoys the darkness in accordance with the law of the 


46-47. Riese and other editors punctuate with a period after dies, making 
sic .. . vticem one sentence. The dum clause, however, gives bet- 
ter sense if taken with what follows, and the introduction of the refrain 
in this way is parallel with 42. 


48. Mersum: proleptic, cf. reparatum, v. 43. Mergo is used of the sun dis- 

appearing beneath the horizon. Cf. Sen. Thyest. 776-7 

O Phoebe patiens, fugeris retro licet, 

Medioque ruptum merseris caelo diem. 
Juucan. 4. 282 Substituit merso dum nox sua lumina Phoebo. 
pallentibus umbris suggests the pale shades of the dead, cf. Verg. Aen. 
4.26 pallentes umbras Erebi. Possibly the writer has in mind the voy- 
age of the sun-god through the realm of the dead beneath the earth. 


49. tenebras, the ms. reading, has been changed to the ablative by most ed- 
itors. The accusative should be kept, for the deponent verbs which take 
the ablative in classical Latin are found with the accusative in early and 
late Latin. (See Lane, Lat. Gram. § 1380, Schmalz p. 382.) E. g. 

Cato Agr. 149. 1 pabulum fruz occipito. 
Lucr. 3. 940 ea quae fructus cumque es, periere profusa. 
Ter. Haut. 401 meo modo ingenium frut. 
Apul.Met. 8. 12 nuptias non frueris. 

Apol. 72 prospectum maris me esse fruiturum. 
Tert. Virg. Vel. 17 dimidiam frui lucem. 

Patient. 1 super eo quod frui non datur. 


28 


50 


51. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Lege poli, peraguntque micantia sidera cursus. 
Navifragi tacet unda salis, nec murmurat auster, 
Nec flexum quatit aura nemus. Sua taedia solus 
Fallere nescit amor. Pinnis modo garrula pendens 
Iam philomela tacet damno male victa pudoris, 


Nauifrage A, corr.a sali Burman 52. NeA_ 53. pinnis (primis @) 


garula mane pendens A, modo scripsi, ramis male garrula pendens Burman, 
pinnis ad germina tendens Baehrens, pinnas curvamine pandens T'raube 


54. 


50. 


51. 


52. 
53. 


filomela A  picta A, victa Burman 


Riese supposes a lacuna between 50 and 51, containing the end of the 
comparison between day and night, and the beginning of one between 
calm and storm. There is no necessity for this; peace and quiet are 
regarded as an essential element of night, as in Vergil’s description (Aen. 
4. 522-8) which this passage imitates. Other aspects of night are 
dealt with in the next two “‘stanzas.”’ 

micantia is regularly used of the stars, e. g. Lucr. 5. 1205, Hor. Carm. 1. 
12. 46, Sen. Herc. Fur. 125, Oed. 46, etc. 


Navifragi: ef. Verg. Aen. 3. 553 navifragum Scylaceum, and Ov. Met. 
14. 6. navifragum fretum. 


flexum: proleptic, ef. reparatum, 43, and mersum, 48. 

The unmetrical ms. reading has caused great difficulty. Riese adopts 
the change due to Burman, explaining male garrula as = tam non ga- 
rula. It is true that male with certain adjectives practically = non, but 
only with adjectives whose meaning is such that the qualifying adverb 
“badly”? would negative their meaning, as is the case with sanus, gratus, 
fidus. ‘Badly garrulous,’’ however, is not equivalent to “silent.” 
Further, pinnis has to be changed to ramis to fit the context. Other 
emendations proposed by Baehrens and Traube have still less probabil- 
ity. 

It seems possible to correct the line with a slighter change than any 
of the above. The translation of the line offers no difficulty as the ms. 
reads; some adverb of time is expected in contrast with iam in the next 
line. When mane and garrula are transposed, the only difficulty remain- 
ing is the scansion of mane. I would substitute modo for the unmetrical 
mane. Modo is found in 112 and 135 in the sense of lately. Mane may 
have found its way into the text as a gloss; this would account for its 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 29 


heavens; the twinkling stars complete their courses. The waves 
of the shipwrecking sea are still, the south wind makes no 
murmur, no breeze bends and sways the woods. Love alone 
cannot beguile its own weariness. 


The nightingale, but lately singing, poised on her wings, now 


is silent, utterly overcome by the loss of her chastity; shelter- 
ing in her embrace her twittering nestlings near the tree-top, 


54. 


being misplaced in the line. 

Another way of solving the difficulty is to keep mane, scanning it with 
the a short, and assuming that the poet has made a mistake in the quan- 
tity. This explanation is by no means impossible in a work as lateas 
this; it would be, however, the only wrong quantity in the poem. 
pinnis pendere occurs also in Ovid, cf. 

Met. 6. 667-8 Corpora Cecropidum pinnis pendere putares; 
Pendebant pinnis. 

Met. 7. 379 Factus olor niveis pendebat in aera pinnis. 
garrulus is frequently used of birds, e. g. (of the nightingale) Mart. 14. 
75 

Flet Philomela nefas incesti Tereos, et quae 

Muta puella fuit, garrula fertur avis. 

Plin. Nat. 10. 43. 81 Lusciniis diebus ac noctibus continuis quindecim 
garrulus sine intermissu cantus. 

The nightingale was regarded by the Greeks and Romans as a har- 
binger of dawn and a singer by day as well as by night. For complete 
discussion, with many quotations, see E. W. Martin, Birds of the Latin 
Poets, pp. 125-142 and 236-244; E. W. Fay, Class. Rev. 1904 pp. 303 ff., 
and a series of articles by E. H. Barker, Class. Jour. 27. p. 92, 29. p. 255, 
30. pp. 180 and 341. 
damno pudoris: cf. 

Ov. Ars 1.100 Ille locus casti damna pudoris habet. 
Claud. 15. 188 damna pudoris turpia. 
Apul.Met. 9.27 damno pudicitiae commotus. 


30 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


55 Amplexuque fovens querulos sub culmine nidos 
Pensat amore nefas, miserasque alitura querellas 
Nocte premit quod luce dolet. Sua taedia solus 
Fallere nescit amor. Nunc iam bene iunctus amantem 
Ardor alit thalamique fidem sua pignera conplent, 

60 Coniunx laeta viro, felix uxore maritus. 
Vota recenset amor secretaque dulcia; somnus 
Concordat cum nocte torum. Sua taedia solus 
Fallere nescit amor. Fecundo semine rerum 


55. Amplexusque A, corr. « nidi Burman, natos Maehly 57. fortasse, 
Nocte gemit Riese 58. amantes Maehly 59. talamiq; A pigne? A 
m. pr. 60. uxores maritos A, corr.a 61. recens et m. rec. in A disiunzit, 
repensat Petschenig 62. Consociat Maehly 63. Fallerere A 


55. nidos: nestlings. Cf. 

Verg. Aen. 5. 214 Cui domus et dulces latebroso in pumice nidi. 
12.475 Pabula parva legens, nidisque loquacibus escas. 
Georg. 4.17 Ore ferunt dulcem nidis immitibus escam. 
Ov. Medic. 77 Addita de querulo volucrum medicamina nido. 
Sen. Herc. Fur. 148-9 querulos inter nidos 
Thracia paelex. 

culmine: the top of a tree. Cf. Stat. Theb. 7. 800 iam frondea nutant 
culmina and Sil. 5. 514 (Vulcanus aesculi) culmina torret. 

56. Pensat: cf. Ov. Epist.2.143 Stat nece matura tenerum pensare pudorem. 
amore: i. e. her love for her young. 
alitura: the author shows marked fondness for the future participle, 
ef. cessurus, 45, and peritura, 74 and 87. 
querellas: used here with reference to the story of Philomela’s meta- 
morphosis, as also in 
Verg. Georg. 4. 511-2 Qualis populea maerens Philomela sub umbra 

Amissos queritur fetus. 
Hor. Carm. 4. 12. 5-6 Nidum ponit Ityn flebiliter gemens 
Infelix avis. 
Ov. Fast. 4. 481-2 Quaecumque ingreditur miseris loca cuncta querellis 
Implet, ut amissum cum gemit ales Ityn. 

Querella and the related words, however, are often used of the song of 
birds in general. Cf. querulos, 55, and 
Hor. Epod. 2. 26 Queruntur in silvis aves. 
Ov. Am. 3.1.4 Et latere ex omni dulce querunter aves. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 31 


she finds in love the compensation for her wrong, and though 
she will again cherish her sorrowful complaints, she now at 
night represses the laments which she utters in the day. 
Love alone cannot beguile its own weariness. 

Now the ardor of well-mated love fosters the lover’s affection, 
and the fidelity of the marriage chamber is made perfect by 
those who pledge it, the wife rejoicing in her husband, the hus- 
band happy in his wife. Love reviews its desires and secret 
joys; sleep and night complete their wedded harmony. Love 
alone cannot beguile its own weariness. 


Cf. Porphyrio’s scholium on Hor. Epod. 2. 26 “Queruntur,” inquit, 
quoniam veteres omnium animalium voces praeterquam hominum “que- 
rellas” dicebant. For a discussion of this use of queror see T. Frank, 
American Journal of Philology 34, p. 322. 


58. tunctus: transferred epithet. Cf. Ov. Epist. 13. 117 Quando erit ut 
lecto mecum bene iunctus in uno. 


amantem: there is no need of Maehly’s somewhat prosaic change to the 
plural. 


59. pignera: cf. 109, where the form pignore is used. 


60. Cf. Ov. Met. 7.799 Coniuge eram feliz, felix erat illa marito. Coniunz 
and maritus are in apposition with pignora. The emphasis is on the ad- 
jectives laeta and felix rather than on the nouns, i. e. the fact that hus- 
band and wife rejoice in each other is a pledge that they will be faithful 
to each other. 


62. Concordat: cf. Pervig. Ven. 3 Vere concordant amores. 
Papin. Dig. 48. 5.12 bene concordatum matrimonium. 
Concordo is more commonly intransitive, but the Thesaurus cites a num- 
ber of instances of its transitive use, as here. 
63. semine rerum: cf. Lucr. 1. 58-60 
Quae (primordia) nos materiem et genitalia corpora rebus 
Reddunda in ratione vocare et semine rerum 
Appellare suemus. 
Ov. Met. 1.419 fecundaque semina rerum. 
This is one of the expressions that show the influence of Epicureanism 
on our author; cf. 41 and 121-2. 


32 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Mutat terra vices et alumni temporis auras 

65 Laeta vocat; spisso revirescit gramine campus 
Et vitreas ligat herba comas nec fallit aristas 
Proventu meliore dies. Sua taedia solus 
Fallere nescit amor. Fessus iuga solvit arator 
Et noctem per vota capit; reparare labores 

70 Novit grata quies, nec cessat reddere vires 
Infusus per membra sopor rurisque ministram 
Ruricolis dat semper opem. Sua taedia solus 
Fallere nescit amor. Reparant sua litora ponti 


64. autumni A, alumni Baehrens, uerni Heinse 65. reuiuescit A, reuiuiscit 
a @, reuirescit Burman capos A, corr.a 66. uirides Burman liga’ erba 
A, leuat (vel rigat) Higt, agit Maehly fallid A aristas A, aristae Wernsdorf, 
arista Baehrens 67. Prouentum ... die A, Prouentu.... ~dies 
Burman, Prouentus ... die Wernsdorf, Prouentum ... fide Baeh- 
rens 68. Fallerere A soluet A 69. capit A, rapit Burman, cupit Maehly 
labori Schrader 70. Nonuibrata quies A,corr.a necessat A 71. rurisq; 
A, noctisque volgo, lucisque Baehrens ministra Oudendorp, noctique minis- 
trans Maehly 73. sua A, sub Baehrens litura A 


64. Mutat terra vices: taken from Hor. Carm. 4. 7. 3. Cf. also 65-66 with 
1-2 of the same ode: 
Diffugere nives, redeunt tam gramina campis, 
Arboribusque comae. 
See note on 43, where this ode of Horace was imitated. 
alumni temporis = spring. According to the Thesaurus, alumnus with 
active meaning is quite common, e. g. 
Mart. 12. 60 .1 Martis alumne dies. 
Auson. 381. 7-8 Hoc numero mensisque Numae redit, autumnique 
Principium referens Bacchi September alumnus. 
Isid. Orig. 10. 3 et qui alit et alitur alumnus dict potest. 
alumni. . 3. auras: “ela IGuers 110-1 
Nam simul ac species patefactast verna diet, 
Et reserata viget genitalibus aura favont. 

66. vitreas . . . comas: of the grain bound into sheaves. Vitreas refers 
to the brilliant semi-transparent appearance of the ripe grain. This ad- 
jective is frequently applied to water, in the sense of clear or shining. 
Both herba and coma are often used of grain, e. g. 

Verg. Georg. 1. 134 sulcis frumenti quaereret herbam. 
Prop. 4. 2. 14 Et coma lactenti spicea fruge tumet. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 33 


By the life-giving principle of nature earth brings her changes 
and gladly summons the breezes of the fostering season; the 
fields are clothed again with the thick verdure of grass, the grain 
binds its shining tresses, and the advancing season does not 
cheat the ears of grain of their promise of a better harvest. Love 
alone cannot beguile its own weariness. 

The weary plowman unfastens the yoke, and welcomes the 
night in answer to his prayers; grateful rest has power to refresh 
his toil, sleep, pervading his limbs, is not slow to restore his en- 
ergy, and at all times brings to husbandmen strength to care 
for their fields. Love alone cannot beguile its own weariness. 

The seas by their incoming tides restore their shores 


Ov. Fast. 3. 854 Sustulerat nullas, ut solet, herba comas. 
Am. 3.10. 11-12 Prima Ceres docuit turgescere semen in agris, 
Falce coloratas subsecuitque comas. 
Met. 5. 482 Primis segetes moriuntur in herbis. 


67. Proventu: ablative of separation, as with verbs of depriving. 
dies: in the general sense of a period of time. 


68. Fessus etc.: ef. Verg. Ecl. 4. 41 
Robusius quoque iam tauris iuga solvet arator. 


69. noctem capit seems to be a reminiscence of Verg. Aen. 4. 529-31 
neque umquam 
Solvitur in somnos, oculisve aut pectore noctem 
Accipit. 
Here capil is somewhat stronger than receives or accepts, having rather 
the force of captat; literally, “grasps at the night through prayers.” 
reparare labores: cf. Ov. Met. 11. 623-5 
Somne, quies rerum, placidissime, Somne, deorum, 
Paz animi, quem cura fugit, qui corda diurnis 
Fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori. 
71. ruris: objective genitive with the adjective ministram: ‘‘ministering to 
the country”; Riese translates it “‘ackerpflegende Kraft’? (Jahrbiicher 
fiir Philologie und Paedagogik 121, p. 262). 


34 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Successu post damna suo, perituraque ludunt 
75 Incrementa maris dubii, regit aequora fluctus 
Lite sua, vicibusque suis quod deperit auget. 
Officiis natura vacat. Sua taedia solus 
Fallere nescit amor Liane 
panna aaeiiel vernl 
deat ae rosis et floribus arva tumescunt. 
80 Pictus ager sub flore latet, dat fronde coronas 
Lascivis natura rosis. Sua taedia solus 
Fallere nescit amor. Nec grata silentia noctis 
Nec somni pia dona placent, nec munera lucis 


74. Successus per damna suos A, post Burman, Successu et suo Riese 75. 
regunt equara A, corr.a fluxus Higt 76. Lite A, Lege Wernsdorf augens 
Baehrens 77. uacans Higt 78. Discussis imbribus atra Cum requievit 
hiems add. L. Mueller inter amor et gemmatis uesui A, verni Riese, Vesbi Bur- 
man, uisu vel ubiuis Wernsdorf, veris Birt 79. tumescit A 80. fronte % 
corone A, coronas @ 82. ne grada A, corr. a 


74. Riese’s emendation has been adopted in the text as the best correction of 
this corrupt line. 

Successu = “the rising tide.” The word is used, though not very 
commonly, in its literal sense of “‘advance” or “approach,” therefore 
may naturally be applied to the tide. Accessus is used of the tide, cf. 
Cie. Div. 2.34 aestibus ... quorum accessus et recessus lunae motu 
gubernantur. 

For damna and incrementa referring to the tide cf. Sen. Dial. 12. 9. 6 
modo ullevans nos subitis incrementis, modo maioribus damnis deferens. 

75. fluctus must here mean “tide.” 

76. Lite: most editors have adopted Wernsdorf’s emendation, lege. It seems 
quite possible, however, to keep the ms. reading, making it refer to the 
conflict of the alternate ebb and flow; ef. Ov. Fast. 1. 107-8 

Ut semel haec rerum secessit lite suarum, 
Inque novas abiit massa soluta domos. 

77. Officiis: dative. 

78. One line is lacking to the number elsewhere found between the refrains; 
also as the text stands in the ms., this ‘‘stanza’”’ lacks the contrast which 
is brought out in all the others. The line supplied by L. Miiller (p. 584) 
gives the sense that is evidently required. Wernsdorf and Baehrens 
place the lacuna after 80, and Birt after 79. 


” 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 35 


again after their losses, the rising waves of the ever changing 
ocean play along the shore, though destined to recede, the tide 
rules the deep by its own alternation, and in due succession re- 
stores all that is lost. Nature has time to fufill her tasks. Love 
alone cannot beguile its own weariness ! 
the dewy meadows in springtime smile with jonclicd roses, Ba 
the fields burst into bloom. The ground is hidden beneath an 
embroidery of flowers, and nature, with a riotous abundance of 
roses, provides leafy garlands. Love alone cannot beguile its 
own weariness. 

But neither the welcome silence of night nor the blessed boon 
of sleep brings any relief, nor does love enjoy the gifts of 


gemmatis: bejewelled with drops of dew; suggested by roscida. 
Cf. Lucr. 2. 319 Invitant herbae gemmantes rore recentt. 
Culex 70-71 Florida cum tellus gemmantes picta per herbas 
Vere notat dubiis distincta coloribus arva. 
verni: the ms. reading Vesui (for Vesuvi) is hardly possible. Aside 
from the anachronism of making Dido mention a place in Italy, as Werns- 
dorf points out, there is no reason for the choice of this particular local- 
ity. Wernsdorf’s change to visu is easy palaeographically, but there is 
no point in the use of this word. Riese’s verni or Birt’s veris makes much 
better sense. 
79. For rideo used metaphorically cf. 
Catull. 64. 284 Quo permulsa domus iucundo risit odore. 
Verg. Ecl. 4. 20 Mizxtaque ridenti colocasia fundet acantho. 
Ov. Met. 15. 204-5 florumque coloribus almus Ridet ager. 
80. Pictus: ef. Lucr. 5. 1395-6 
Praesertim cum tempestas ridebat et anni 
Tempora pingebant viridantis floribus herbas. 
and Culex 70-71, cited on 78. 
fronde coronas: ef. Lucr. 1. 118 perenni fronde coronam. 
fronde is ablative of material, which is rare without a limiting adjective; 
see Lane § 1313; but cf. Verg. Aen. 5. 663 pictas abiete puppis. 
81. Lascivis: ‘‘luxuriant;” cf. Hor. Carm. 1. 36. 18-20 
nec Damalis novo 
Divelletur adultero 
Lascivis hederis ambitiosior. 
This passage is not quite parallel, for lascivis has a more figurative mean- 
ing than in the text. 
83. pia: because sleep isa gift of the gods; ef. Verg. Aen. 2. 269 (quies) dono 
divom gratissima serpit. 


36 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Carpit et indutias fugientis non capit anni; 
85 Sed sua victus amor tantummodo vulnera pascit 
Inter mille dolos totidemque piacula fraudis. 
Vota queror: vellem tacitis peritura querellis 
Flere domo, vellem tacitos consumere fletus. 
Sed negat ipse dolor quod iam pudor ante negavit; 
90 Scribere iussit amor miseram me, cuius honestam 
Fecit culpa fidem. Poteram dispergere ponto 


85. poscit A, corr. a 86. toditemq; A piacula A, pericula Schrader 87. 
Vota A, Nota volgo tacitis A, placidis a, placitis Oudendorp, tacita Traube 
88. tacit{s umere A, consumere Burman, tacitos profundere @, iam 
tabida fundere Riese, Cocyto fundere Traube 91. culpam A, culpam idem 
W interfeld 


84. Carpit: se. amor, from the refrain, 82. Cf. 
Verg. Aen. 4. 522-3 placidum carpebant fessa soporem 
Corpora. 
4.555  carpebat somnos. 
7.414 Iam mediam nigra carpebat nocte quietem. 
indutias: trisyllabic; unless u is regarded as short; see note on mane, 53. 


85. sua: equivalent to subjective genitive—“‘inflicted by itself.” 
vulnera pascit: ef. Verg. Aen. 4.2 vulnus alit venis. 

86. piacula has generally been changed to pericula; but it may be explained 
as sufferings that are an expiation of Dido’s faithlessness to her husband’s 
memory, though this aspect of her grief is not brought out elsewhere in 
the poem. 

87. Vota seems to be used as accusative of inner object with queror, though 
it is a striking instance of that construction. Cf. 137 mala vota cupis 
and Ov. Met. 9. 303-4 moturaque duras 

Verba queror silices. 

88. domo: “at home’’, i.e.in private, to myself. Domo for domi, though rare, 
is found even in classical writers, e. g. Cic. Clu. 27, Varro Rust. 1. 8. 2, 
Nep. Epam. 10. 3, Suet. Caes. 20. 1, Apul. A pol. 541. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 37 


light nor take any respite throughout the fleeting year; but 
baffled in its hopes it only keeps alive its own wounds, in the 
midst of a thousand deceits and as many atonements for faith- 
lessness. . 


I break forth into complaining wishes: I would rather weep at 


home, doomed to perish with complaints unuttered, I would 
rather exhaust my sorrow in silence. But grief itself denies me 
what shame before denied. Love has bidden me write, hapless 
that Iam, who by my own fault have made an honorable compact. 


89. 


90. 


91. 


tacitos consumere: Burman’s correction, to which the ms. seems to point. 
For consumere ef. Cic. Phil. 2. 64 Consumptis enim lacrimis tamen in- 
fizus animo haeret dolor. 
Sen. Dial. 6.8.1  Dolorem dies longa consumit. 
quod pudor negavit: i. e. the comfort of the free expression of her feel- 
ings, ef. 6 and 22-3. Pudor at first kept her from making any appeal; 
now dolor does not allow her the solace of keeping her suffering to her- 
self. 
Scribere iussit amor: cf. Ov. Epist. 4. 10 
Dicere quae puduit, scribere iussit amor, 
and 20. 230 Haec tibi me vigilem scribere iussit amor. 
For pudor and amor opposed to each other cf. 
Ov. Am. 3. 10. 28-9  MHinc pudor, ex illa parte trahebat amor; 
Victus amore pudor. 
Met. 9. 514-5 Coget amor, potero; vel si pudor ora tenebit, 
Littera celatos arcana fatebitur ignes. 


miseram me: a common expression in Vergil, e. g. 
Georg. 4. 494 “Quis et me” inquit “‘miseram et te perdidit?”’ 
Ecl. 2. 58 Quid volui misero mihi! 
Aen. 2.70 Quid iam misero mihi denique restat? 
See also Aen. 4. 315, 420; 9. 285; 10. 849. 
culpa: nominative; literally ‘‘whose fault has made,’”’ ete. The word 
refers to Dido’s love, which restrains her from doing Aeneas any harm. 
The expression is thus interpreted by Wernsdorf: “‘Miseram me, quae 
mea culpa honestum hospitii et coniugii foedus cum Aenea feci, cuius 
fide nune impedior quominus nefas aliquod in eum cogitare et me ul- 
cisci possim.”’ 
Poteram: i. e. “I was angry enough to.” Cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 600-602 
Non potui abreptum divellere corpus et undis 
Spargere, non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro 
Ascanium patriisque epulandum ponere mensis? 


38 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Membra manusque tuas miseramque tumentibus undis 
Praecipitare diem, poteram crescentis [uli 
Rumpere fata manu parvumque resolvere corpus 

95 Morte gravi mersumque in viscera figere ferrum 
Vel dare membra feris; sed nostro pectore pulsum 
Cessit amore nefas, et honesta pericula passus 
Corda ligavit amor. Quis tantum in hospite vellet 
Hoc audere nefas? Quis vota nocentis habere? 

100 Nullus amor sub fraude latet. Cui digna rependes, 


92. seramque Burman 94. fata A 95. Moxte A, corr. Heinse 96. 
mensa A,membraa 97. Crescit A, Cessit Schrader, Higt honestas A, corr. 
a 98. ligat A, ligavit vulgo, liquauit Maehly, fatigat Baehrens hospide 
uellit A 99. audire A 100. laude A, corde @, labe Baehrens, fraude 
Riese 100, 105, 111, 116. digne A, corr. a 


92. manus seems to be added to membra only to make an alliterative phrase 
though it may have been suggested by Ovid’s account of the killing o 
Absyrtus by Medea, where the hands are mentioned particularly; cf 
Trist. 3. 9. 27-30 

Atque ita divellit, divulsaque membra per agros 
Dissipat, in multis invenienda locis; 
Neu pater ignoret, scopulo proponit in alto 
Pallentesque manus, sanguineumque caput. 
miseram diem: day of death. Miser is found in inscriptions referring 
to the dead. Cf. Isid. Orig. 10. 173 Miser—secundum autem Cicer- 
onem proprie mortuus, qui in Tusculanis miseros mortuos vocat, propter 
quod iam amiserunt vitam. Cf. Cie. Tuse. 1. 9. 

93. Praecipitare: cf. Quint. Decl.4.10 Miraris quod suprema mea ipse prae- 
cipitem. 

Lucan. 7. 51-2 swa quisque ac publica fata Praecipitare cupit. 
crescentis: cf. Verg. Ecl. 7. 25 hedera crescentem ornate poetam. 
Verg. Aen 4.274 Ascanium surgentem et spes heredis Tuli. 

Ov. Met. 14. 583 opibus crescentis Tuli. 

94. Rumpere fata: break off the thread of life spun by the Fates. 

Cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 631 Invisam quaerens quam primum abrumpere lucem. 


Sil. 6. 510-11 — vel si stat rumpere vitam 
In patria moriamur. 
7. 33 Hic ardens extrema malis et rumpere vitam. 
2. 597-8  abrumpere vitam .... quaerunt. 


(In Verg. Aen. 6.882 si quafataasperarumpas the expression has a 
different sense.) 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 39 


I could have scattered your limbs and your hands over the sea, 
and hastened your evil day of death in the swelling waves; I 
could have snapped the thread of life of the growing boy lulus 
with my own hand, and destroyed his little body by a cruel 
death; I could have fixed the steel deep in his flesh, or given his 
limbs to wild beasts; but the evil impulse has departed, driven 
from my heart by love, and love, having endured honorable 
dangers, has restrained my angry feelings. Who would dare to 
commit so great a wrong as this against a guest? Who would 
wish to have the curses of one who would do him harm? 
No love is hidden beneath treachery. Whom will you 


resolvere: destroy or kill; the simple verb solvo is generally used in this 
sense. Cf. 


Sen. Epist. 66.43 alius inter cenandum solutus est. 
Tro. 600-601 me fata maturo exitu 
Facilique solvant. 
Curt. 8.9. 32 corporibus quae senectus solvit. 
Flor Epit. 2.21.11 sic morte quasi somno soluta est. 
97. honesta pericula: the phrase occurs again in 136. 
98. Corda: “‘anger’’; cf. 
Verg. Aen. 1. 303 ponuntque ferocia Poeni corda. 


6. 407 tumida ex ira tum corda residunt. 
Val. Flac. 6. 2 (Mars) acri corde tumet. 
Sil. 10. 490 mansuescere corda nescia. 


in hospite: in two other places in the poem (119 and 132) initial h is 
counted as a consonant and makes position. This was the rule in Chris- 
tian poets, ef. Miiller pp. 14, 382, 391. It is first found in Porphyrius 
(early 4th century), it appears also in Juvencus, Ausonius, Dracontius, 
Venantius Fortunatus, Luxorius. Our author is not consistent in his 
treatment of initial h, for there are 16 places where, as in classical poetry, 
it fails to make position. 

99. Hoc nefas: the cruelty which her imagination suggested in 91-96. 
vota nocentis: cf. 39. 

100.fraude is the easiest emendation for the ms. laude. It is to be taken 
closely with the preceding sentences. Fraude here is violation of the 


obligations of hospitality; it is because of her love that she cannot harm 
Aeneas. 


40 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Si mihi dura paras? Miserandae fata Creusae 
Lamentis gemituque trahens infanda peregi 
Vota deis durumque nefas sortemque malorum 
Te narrante tuli, gemitus mentisque dolorem 
105 Et lacrimas prior ipsa dedi. Cui digna rependes, 
Si mihi dura paras? Dulcis mea colla fovebat 
Ascanius miserumque puer figebat amorem, 
Cui modo nostra fides amissam reddere matrem 
Dum cupit, hoc verum mentito pignore nomen 
110 Format amor, gemitusque graves atque oscula figit 
Confessus pietate dolor. Cui digna rependes, 
Si mihi dura paras? Nostri modo litoris hospes 


102. Lamenta A, corr. a, lamentans genitusque Maehly Peregit A, corr. 
Wernsdorf 103. Voto dies A,corr.a 104. tulitOudendorp 105. lacrimis 
A 107 delet Birt fouebat A, figebat Oudendorp, fallebat Burman 108. 
nostram fidem A 110. gemitusue A adq; A 111. Concessus Maehly 
112. nostro A, nostri vulgo hospis A nostro . . . litore sospes Baehrens 


101. fata Creusae: related by Vergil (Aen. 2. 738-795). Cf. 
Ov. Epist. 7. 83-6 Si quaeras ubi sit formosi mater Tuli, 
Occidit, a duro sola relicta viro. 
Haec mihi narraras; at me movere; merentem 
Ure; minor culpa poena futura mea est. 
102. Lamentis gemituque: cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 667-8 
Lamentis gemituque et femineo ululatu 
Tecta fremunt. 
peregi vota: cf. Ov. Met. 6. 468 agit sua vota sub illis. 
Auson. 426. 4 (Hecuba) peragit vota cum matribus. 
103.durum .. . tuli: Wernsdorf explains tuli as equivalent to moleste 
tuli, but cites no parallels to support his interpretation. Tuli without 
a modifier can hardly have this meaning, but durum may be taken as 
predicate adjective with nefas and sortem: ‘I bore or felt her wrong 
and evil destiny as cruel.”” Hence the meaning is about the same as 
that of moleste or gravitur tuli. Cf. the use of dura in 39. 


104.gemitus mentisque dolorem: hendiadys. 
106. Dulcis Ascanius: cf. Verg. Aen. 1.659 pro dulci Ascanio. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 41 


worthily repay, if you desire cruelty for me? 

While prolonging with laments and sighs the story of un- 
happy Creusa’s fate, I offered unutterable prayers to the gods, 
and I grieved for her wrong and her evil destiny as you told the 
tale; I was myself the first to give way to the sighs and tears of 
an anguished mind. Whom will you worthily repay, if you de- 
sire cruelty for me? 

Sweet Ascanius caressed my neck, and the boy pierced my 
heart with a hapless passion; while my sense of duty desired 
merely to restore to him his lost mother, love, with lying prom- 
ise, made the name a true one, and grief, shown in sympathy, 
uttered deep sighs and imprinted kisses. Whom will you worth- 
ily repay, if you desire cruelty for me? 

But lately you were a stranger on our shore, destitute 


106-7.Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 685-8 

Ut, cum te gremio accipiet laetissima Dido, 
Regales inter mensas laticemque Lyaeum, 
Cum dabit amplexus atque oscula dulcia figet, 
Occultum inspires ignem fallasque veneno. 

and 1. 717-9 Haec oculis, haec pectore tolo 
Haeret, et interdum gremio fovet, inscia Dido 
Insidat quantus miserae deus. 

107. Birt rejects this line because this “‘stanza”’ is longer by a line than the 
others. He thinks it was added by an interpolator who felt that the 
name of Ascanius was required. But with the line omitted the sense is 
not clear. It seems better to attribute the extra line to the writer’s care- 
lessness or lack of skill than to interpolation. Birt objects to Ouden- 
dorp’s conjecture figebat on account of the recurrence of the word in 
110; but this may be really an argument in its favor; see Introduction 
py LO: 

108. fides: faithfulness to the requirements of hospitality. Dido’s kindness 
to Ascanius was at first prompted merely by a sense of duty to the 
motherless boy. 

109. mentito pignore: i. e. the false hopes of happiness which love aroused: 
The juxtaposition of veruwm and mentito is no doubt intentional. 
nomen: 1. e. of ‘‘mother.”’ 

110. figit governs gemitus as well as oscula—zeugma. 
oscula figit: cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 687 oscula dulcia figet. 


111.Confessus: passive meaning. 


42 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Nudus et exul eras, dispersa classe per undas, 
Naufragus, ut taceam clades quascumque videbas 
115 Inpendisse tibi; licet haec tibi cuncta fuissent, 
Regna tamen Carthago dedit. Cui digna rependes, 
Si mihi dura paras? Nihil est quod dura reposcam. 
Nequiquam donasse velim! Quae perdere possem 
Numquam damna voco. Vel hoc mihi, prefide, redde, 
120 Quod sibi debet amor, si nil pia facta merentur. 
Esse deos natura docet, non esse timendos 
Rerum facta probant. Quid enim non credere possum? 


113. Nudos distuleras A, corr. Maehly dispersas classes A, clade a 114. 
clades A, classes @ uidebor A, uidebar a, uidebas Baehrens 116. char- 
tago A 117. reposcent A, reposcam Higt 118. Nec quidquid A, quidquam 
A’, Hoc quidquid Baehrens, Nequiquam Riese, Nec quod non Maehly que A, 
quod a 119. uoco A, uolo Burman 121. esset timendos A 122. enim 
credere non A, nunc credere Higt 


113.Cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 373-5 Eiectum litore, egentem, 
Excepi et regni demens in parte locavi, 
Amissam classem, socios a morte reduxt. 
Ov. Epist. 7. 89-90  Fluctibus eiectum tuta statione recept, 
Vizque bene audito nomine regna dedi. 


115. Inpendisse: the perfect infinitive has here the force of the present, as was 
often the case in late Latin, cf. Schmalz pp. 435-6. It is not, however, 
peculiar to late Latin, but was common in poetry, especially elegiac 
poetry of the classical period, where it was often used for metrical con- 
venience; hence it came to be used in all poetry with merely present force. 
See A. A. Howard, Harvard Studies 1. p. 111. 


fuissent: licet should properly be followed only by present or perfect 
subjunctive, but in late Latin it is often found with secondary tenses, 
and even with the indicative (cf. 149). The earliest instance of its use with 
a secondary tense of the subjunctive is in Bell. Hisp. 16.3 quod factum 
licet necopinantibus nostris esset gestum; cf. also Juv. 13. 56, Mart. 5. 39. 
8, 9. 91. 3, ete. It occurs three times in S. Silvia (see Bechtel p. 124). 
For discussion and further examples see Schmalz, Neue Jahrbiicher 1891. 
p. 216; E. B. Lease, Archiv fiir Lat. Lexicog. 1900. p. 25, and American 
Journal of Philology 1900, p. 453. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 43 


and exiled, shipwrecked, your fleet scattered over the waves, 
to say nothing of all the disasters that you saw threatening you. 
Although all this had been your lot, yet Carthage offered you a 
throne. Whom will you worthily repay, if you desire cruelty 
for me? 

There is no reason for my demanding a cruel requital. I 
should wish rather to have given in vain! What I could lose, 
I never count as loss. But, traitor, grant me at least what 
love owes itself, if deeds of kindness deserve no reward. 

Nature teaches that there are gods, experience proves that 
they are not to be feared. How can I not believe it? 


117. Nihil est quod: used as in 35, with the subjunctive of characteristic, if 
the reading reposcam is accepted. 


118. Nequiquam etc.:i. e. “I gave without expectation of return, consequent- 
ly I do not desire to exact vengeance because my kindness has been 
wasted.”’ 

119. Vel hoc: for scansion see note on 98. Vel is here intensive, empha- 


sizing hoc. 
perfide: cf. 35. 


121-2. This Epicurean doctrine is the whole theme of Lucretius. Cf. also 
Enn. Trag. 269-71 
Ego deum genus esse semper dixi et dicam caelitum, 
Sed eos non curare opinor quid agat humanum genus, 
Nam si curent, bene bonis sit, male malis, quod nunc abest. 
Cie. Nat. Deor. 3.83 Diogenes quidem Cynicus dicere solebat Harpalum, 
qui temporibus illis praedo felix habebatur, contra deos testimonium dicere, 
quod in illa fortuna tam diu viveret. 
Ov. Met. 9. 203-4 At valet Eurystheus, et sunt qui credere possint 
Esse deos? 
Am. 3. 3-1-2 Esse deos i crede. Fidem iurata fefellit, 
Et facies illi quae fuit ante manet. 
Am. 3.9. 35-6 Cum rapiant mala fata bonos, ignoscite fasso, 
Sollicitor nullos esse putare deos. 
122. Rerum facta: the facts of the world, that which takes place in the world. 
enim: explanatory—‘I know that the gods are not to be feared, for 
I have good reason to believe it.” 


44 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Tutus fraude manes, et nos pietate perimus! 
Inprobe, dure, nocens, crudelis, perfide, fallax, 
125 Officiis ingrate meis! Quid verba minantur? 
Non odit qui vota dolet, nec digna rependit 
Quidquid laesa gemit. Tibi nempe remissus habetur 
Lege pudoris amor. Cui tanta dedisse recusem, 
Sceptra, domum, Tyrios, regnum, Carthaginis arces, 
130 Et quidquid regnantis erat? De coniuge, fallax, 
Non de iure queror, meritum si non habet ardor, 
Sed quod hospes eras, nec te magis esse nocentem 
Quam miserum, Troiane, puto, qui digna repellis 
Dum non digna cupis—nondum bene siccus ad aequor 


123. Totus frauda A, corr. Burman at nosOudendorp 126. dicta Baeh- 
ens 127. Quisquis Maehly lexa A, laesa vulgo, plexa Heinse, rixa Baeh- 
rens me pe remissus A, me permissus vuljo, nempe remissus Baehrens, Tibine 
rnpermissus Oudendorp 128. podoris A Cui A, Qui (=quomodo) Riese 129. 
chartaginis A 130. fallis Baehrens 132. Sit Higt 134. Sum A, Dum 
Oudendorp, Somno digna Heinse sicus A. 


124. For the succession of epithets and asyndeton cf. Auson. 298. 29-30 
Salve, fons ignote ortu, sacer, alma, perennis 
Vitree, glauce, profunde, sonore, illimis, opace. 
and Verg. Aen. 3. 658 monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens. 
For the asyndeton cf. 129. 
125. Quid etc.: an abrupt change in Dido’s mood, similar to that which is in- 
dicated in 39. 
126. Non odit etc.: cf. Ov. Epist. 7. 29-30 
Non tamen Aenean, quamvis male cogitat, odi, 
Sed queror infidum, questaque peius amo. 
digna rependit: cf. digna rependes of the refrain, 100 etc. 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 45 


You remain safe in your treachery, and I die because of loy- 
alty! Base, ruthless, guilty, cruel, treacherous, false, ungrateful 
for my kindnesses! But why these threatening words? He does 
not hate who repents of his wishes, nor does she who is wronged 
exact a fitting penalty for that for which she grieves. By you 
doubtless love is thought to be freed from the restraint of honor. 
To whom could I refuse to give so much—my sceptre, my house, 
the Tyrian people, my kingdom, the citadels of Carthage, and 
whatever belonged to a ruler? It is of my husband, false one, 
that I complain, not of my rights, if my passion has not the re- 
turn it deserves. But you were my guest, and I think you not 
more guilty than pitiable, Trojan, you who reject what is 
worthy while you seek what is worthless—though your garments 
are as yet scarcely dry you hasten again to the sea, and though 


127.laesa is the simplest of the various emendations proposed, though it is 
not altogether satisfactory; the change to the feminine after the mascu- 
line gui is very harsh. Riese prints lera marked with a dagger. 
128.dedisse: see note on perfect infinitive, 115. 
129. Cf. Ov. Epist. 7. 11-12 
Nec nova Carthago, nec te crescentia tangunt 
Moenia, nec sceptro tradita summa tuo? 
132.quod hospes: for scansion cf. 98 and 119. 


133. digna: i. e. what Dido offers. The contrast between what Dido has given 
Aeneas and what awaits him in Italy is developed at greater length by 
Ovid (Epist. 7. 13-22). 

134. Anacoluthon; the quod clause beginning in 132 is not followed by a prin- 
cipal clause that logically completes it. 
siccus: i. e. after suffering shipwreck in the storm which drove him to 
Carthage. 


46 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


135 Curris, et extremas modo naufragus arripis undas. 
Tutior esse times et honesta pericula nescis. 

Cum mala vota cupis, solus tibi dura profecto 
Damna paras. Fugis, ecce fugis, nostrosque penates 
Deseris et miseram linquis Carthaginis aulam, 

140 Quae tibi regna dedit, sacro diademate crines 
Cinxit, et augustam gemmato sidere frontem 
Conplevit, nostrumque tibi commisit amorem. 

Nil puto maius habes et adhuc sine coniuge regnas, 
Aeneas ingrate meus. Regat ira dolenti 
145 Consilium! Sed praestat amor. Mea vulnera vellem 


136. nescis A, poscis Wernsdorf timens inhonesta Higt 139. cartaginis 
A 140. Que A 141. gematos. sydere A 142. Conplebit A, Inplicuit 
Maehly comisit A 143. regnat Wernsdorf 144. negat Higt. 


135.arripis = hasten to, cf. 
Verg. Aen. 3. 477 hanc (Ausoniam) arripe velis. 
9. 13 turbata arripe castra. 
10. 298 arrepta tellure semel. 
11. 531 arripuit locum. 


136. honesta pericula: cf. 97. 
nescis: there is no need of changing to poscis, as has generally been 
done. The emphasis is on honesta—in leaving the safety of Carthage 
Aeneas is seeking dangers, but this is no proof of courage, for they are 
not dangers incurred in pursuing an honorable course of conduct. 
137.vota: accusative of inner object; cf. vota queror, 87. 
solus: i. e. you have only yourself to blame. 
profecto: perfect participle. 
140. sacro diademate, etc.: cf. 
Lucan 5. 60 Cingere Pellaeo pressos diademate crines. 
Claud. 7.84  sacro .. . ornat diademate crines. 
Prud. c. Symm. 2. 430 caput augustum diademate cinzit. 
Prise. Anast. 163 Quo caput ipse tuum primo diademate cinzit. 
The epithet sacrum is often used with diadema (cf. Thesaurus). 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 47 


lately shipwrecked you are hurrying to distant seas. You are 
afraid to be safer, and yet you know nothing of dangers that are 
honorable. While you cherish your evil desires, you alone are 
preparing cruel disaster for yourself by your departure. You 
flee, lo! you flee and abandon my household gods, and leave 
the unhappy court of Carthage, which gave you a throne, 
which encircled your hair with the sacred diadem, placed on 
your majestic brow the jewelled constellation, and entrusted 
you with my love. You have nothing greater, I think, than 
this, and youstill reign without a consort, my ungrateful Aeneass 
Let anger rule the counsels of one who grieves! But love is. 


The diadema was originally a purple fillet worn by the Persian king 
around the tiara. Among the Romans it was always regarded as a sym- 
bol of kingly power. From the time of Constantine it was adopted by 
the Caesars as a sign of their imperial dignity; it was often adorned with 
a row of pearls or precious stones, or made of gold and jewels. See 
Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopddie, and S. M. Stevenson, Dictionary of 
Roman Coins, s. v. diadema. 

141. sidere may refer to the form of the diadem, or merely to the brilliance of 
the jewels of which it is composed. 
143. maius: sc. nostro amore from previous line. 


144. meus: vocative. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 835 sanguis meus. 
In early Latin meus is used as vocative only with a noun having the voc- 
ative like the nominative; with later writers this rule is not observed. 
Cf. Kiihner 1. p. 447. 7. 
ira: contrasted with amor; cf. 15 ff. 


145.vellem: the present subjunctive might have been expected here. 


48 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


Fletibus augeri, sed iam discrimine mortis 

Victa feror. Neque enim tantus de funere luctus 

Quantus erat de fratre. Licet simul inprobus exul 

Et malus hospes eras et ubique timendus haberis, 
150 Vive tamen nostrumque nefas post fata memento. 


146. auferri Maehly 147. fessos A, feror «@ neque erit Maehly  fenere A, 
funere a, foedere Baehrens 148. erit A, erat Wernsdorf 149. maius hos- 
pis A (hospes A!), malus Baehrens, magis Burman 150. facta A, fata Bur- 
man. 


146. fletibus augeri: Dido here recurs to the same thought as was expressed 
at the beginning of the epistle (cf. 8); she would like to have the sat- 
isfaction of dwelling on her wrongs. 

147 .feror: cf. Verg. Georg. 4. 497 feror ingenti circumdata nocte. 

Aen. 4. 376 Heu Furiis incensa feror. 
luctus: se. erit. 

148. fratre: Dido’s brother, Pygmalion. 

149. eras, haberis: indicative with licet, which is found from the time of Apul- 
elus on; see note on 115. 

150. Vive: cf. Ov. Epist. 7. 63-4 

Vive precor, sic te melius quam funere perdam. 
Tu potius lett causa ferere met. 
and 6. 164 Vivite, devoto nuptaque virque toro. 
Cf. Palmer’s note on the latter passage—“ There is often some bitterness, 
almost a curse, in this word.” 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 49 


better. I should wish that my wounds might grow through 
lamentations, but already I hasten on, conquered by my deter- 
mination to die. Nor indeed will there be such mourning for 
my death as there was because of my brother’s crime. Though 
you were at once base as an exile and faithless as a guest, and 
everywhere are regarded as one to be feared, yet live, and after 
my death remember the wrong that you did to me. 


50 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


INDEX VERBORUM 


* indicates that the word is not in A, but is introduced into the text as an 
emendation. 
} indicates that the word is found in A, but not accepted in the text. 


a (exclam.) 18 aulam 139 
ad 134 aura 52 
adhuc 143 auras 64 
aemula (acc.) *35 auster 51 
Aeneas 144 autumni 764 
aequor (ace.) 134 bene 58, 134 
aequora (ace.) 75 bonus 3 
affectus 32 calamus 15 
ager 80 calor 25 
alit 59 campus 65 
alitura 56 cantat 4 
alumni (gen.) *64 capit 69, 84 
amissam 108 carminis 2 
amo carmine 10 
ames 1 carpit 84 
amare 5 Carthago 116 
amantem 26 Carthaginis 129, 139 
amantes (ace.) (-em A) 58 castus 14 
amor 4, 7, 17, 43, 48, 53, 58, 61, 63, casus 41 
68, 73, 78, 82, 85, 90, 98, 100, cedo 
110, 120, 128, 145 cessit *97 
amorem 14, 107, 142 cessurus 45 
amore 14, 34, 56, 97 celerare *15 
amplexu 55 cerne 3 
anni (gen.) 84 cessat 70 
ante (adv.) 89 cinxit 141 
apex 22 circumdat 49 
arator 68 circumdata (fem.) 13 
arcus (gen.) 44 clades (ace.) 114 
ardor 59, 131 classe (-es A) 1138 
aristas 66 colla (acc.) 106 
arripis 135 comas 66 
arva (nom.) 78 commendat 721 
arx commisit 142 
arces (ace.) 129 concordat 62 
Ascanius 107 condemnat *21 
ater confessus 111 
atra (fem.) 49 confessam (-us A) 26 
atque 110 coniunx 60 
audere (-ire A) 99 coniuge 130, 143 
auget 14, 76 conplent 11, 59 
augeri 146 conplevit 142 


augustam 141 conponam 10 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


conscia (nom. pl.,) 29, 32 
consumit 46 
consumere *88 
continet 46 
continuit 16 
conubium (nom.) 27 
convincere 37 
convitia (nom.) 7 
corda (acc.) 98 
cornibus (abl.) 44 
coronas (-ae A) 80 
corpus (acc.) 94 
credere 122 
credula (fem.) 27 
erescit [97 
crescentis 93 
Creusae (gen.) 101 
crimen (nom.) 27 
crimine 33 
crines (acc.) 140 
crudelis (voc.) 124 
culmine 55 
culpa (-am A) 91 
culpet 26 
cum (conj.) 137 
cum (prep.) 62 
cuncta (nom. pl.) 115 
cuncta (ace.) 28 
cupis 134, 137 
cupit 109 
curris 135 
cucurrit 24 
cursus (ace.) 50 
curvatis (abl.) 44 
Cynthia 43 
damno (abl.) 54 
damna (acc.) 74, 119, 138 
de 45, 130, 131, 147, 148 
debet 120 
debuit 6 
debita (ace.) 37 
deflet 40 
deperit 76 
deseris 139 
deis (dat.) 103 
deos 121 
dextram 19 
diademate 140 


dictare 6 
dies (sing.) 46, (-e A) 67 
diem 49, 93 
differo 
distuleras 7113 
dignetur 5 
digna (fem.) 30 
digna (ace.) 100, 105, 111, 
116, 126, 183, 134 
discrimine 146 
dispergere 91 
dispersa (-as A) 113 
do 
dat 72, 80 
datur 38 
dedi 13, 28, 34, 105 
dedit 116, 140 
dare 96 
dedisse 128 
docet 121 
dolet 57, 126 
dolenti 144 
dolor 11, 14, 16, 89, 111 
dolorem 11, 104 
dolos 86 
domus 14 
domum 129 
domo 88 
dono 
donasse 118 
donum 
dona (nom.) 83 
dona (acc.) 9 
dubii (gen.) 75 
dubium (acc.) 18 
dubia, 22 
dulcis 106 
dulce (acc.) 4 
dulcia (acc.) 61 
dum 15, 20, 13 bis, 42, 47, 109, 
*134 
durum (acc.) 103 
duro (abl.) 25 
dure 124 
dura (acc.) 20, 39, 101, 106, 
112, 117 bis, 137 
ecce 138 
egena *12 


51 


52 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


ego 
mihi 101, 106, 112, 117, 119 
me (acc.) 8, 90, $127 
nos (nom.) 123 
enim 122, 147 
eo 
ire 38 
et 17, 20, 21, 29, 64, 66, 69, 
79, 84, 97, 105, *113, 123, 130, 
135, 136, 139, 141, 148, 149 bis 
explicitam 21 
extremas 135 
exul *1138, 148 
facio 
fecit 91 
fecisse 41 
factura (fem.) 19 
facta (nom.) 120, 122 
facta (ace.) 7150 
fallax (voc.) 124, 180 
fallit 66 
fallere 43, 48, 53, 58, 63, 68, 
73, 78, 82 
fata (nom.) 9 
fata (acc.) 94, 101, *150 
fatis (abl.) 13, 34 
fecundo (abl.) 63 
felix 60 
feris (dat.) 96 
feror 147 
tuli 104 
ferruio (acc.) 95 
fessus 68 
fides (sing.) 28, 36, 108 
fidern 3, 30, 40, 59, 91 
figit 110 
figebat *107 
figere 95 
firmat +20 
flamma 24 
flere 8, 88 
flentem 7 
fletiis (acc.) 10, 88 
fletibus (abl.) 146 
flexum (ace.) 52 
flore 80 
floribus (abl.) 79 
fluctus 75 


format *20, 48, 110 
fovebat 106, 1107 
fovens 55 
fratre 45, 148 
fraudis 86 
_ fraude 36, *100, 123 
fronde 80 
frontem 141 
fruitur 49 
fugis 38, 138 bis 
fugientis 84 
funere 147 
garrula (fem.) 53 
gemitu 102 
gemitiis (acc.) 104, 110 
gemmato (abl.) 141 
gemmatis (abl.) 78 
gemit 127 
gramine 65 
grata (fem.) 4, 70 
grata (nom.pl.) 82 
gravi (abl.) 10, 95 
graves (acc.) 110 
habes 39, 143 
habet 11, 12, 131 
haberis 149 
habetur 127 
habe 2 
habere 99 
herba 66 
hic 
hane 31 
hoc (ace.) 99, 109, 119 
haec (nom. pl.) 115 
haec (ace.) 9 
honestam 90 
honesta (ace.) 97, 1386 
honore 44 
hospes 112, 132, 149 
hospite 98 
iactes 35 
iam 54, 58, 89, 146 
igne 26 
ille 32 
in (w. acc.) 95 
in (w. abl.) 98 
incole 3 
incrementa (nom.) 75 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


{ndutias 84 
infanda (acc.) 102 
infusus 71 
ingrato (dat.) 6 
ingrate 125, 144 
inpendisse 115 
inprobus 148 
inproba (nom. pl.) 8 
inprobe 34, 124 
inter 86 
invidiam 41 
ipse 11, 16, 89 
ipsa (fem.) 29, 105 
ira 720, 144 
iram *24 
irata 724 
iratas 15 
ista (acc.) (-e A) 31 
iter (ace.) 22 
lubar (acc.) 44 
iubeo 
iussit 90 
iudex 3 
lugum (acc.) 68 
Tuli 93 
iunctus 58 
iura (acc.) 46 
iuvant 7 
labores (acc.) 69 
lacrimas 105 
laesus 7 
laesa *127 
laeta (fem.) 60, 65 
lamentis (abl.) (-a A) 102 
lascivis (abl.) 81 
latet 80, 100 
laude 7100 
lecti (gen.) 32 
lege 28, 45, 50, 128 
libenter 2 
licet 34, 115, 148 
ligat 20, 66 
ligavit 17, (-at A) 98 
linquis 139 
lite 76 
littera 21 
litus 
litoris 112 


litora (ace.) 73 
loquentem 16 
luctus 147 
ludunt 74 

ludant 2 
lux 

lucis 44, 83 

luce 57 
magis 8, 132 
maius (ace.) 143, 7149 
male 22, 27, 54 
maledicta (acc.) 13 
malus *149 

malorum 103 

mala (acc.) 137 
mandat 23 
mane 153 
manes 123 
manus 18 

manum 16 

manu 94 

mantis (ace.) 92 
maris 75 
maritus 60 

mariti (gen.) 28 

marito (abl.) 30 
matrem 108 
medullas 25 
meliore 67 


membra (acc.) 25, 71, 92. *96 


memento 150 
mens 
mentis 3, *17, 104 
mente 23 
mensa +96 
mentito (abl.) 109 
meretur 31 
merentur 120 
mergo 
mersum (ace.) 48, 95 
meritum (acc.) 131 
meritis 117 
meus 31, 144 
meis (dat.) 35, 125 
mea (acc.) 40, 106, 145 
micantia (nom.) 50 
mille 86 
ministram 71 


53 


54 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


minor 
minatur 125 
minus (adv.) 21 
mira (fem.) 28 
miser 
miserum (acc.) 107, 133 
miseram 90, 92, 139 
miseras 56 
miseris fabl.) 13 
miseror 
miserandae (gen.) 101 
modicum (acc.) 5 
modo (adv.) 8, *54 108, 112, 1385 
mortis 8, 146 
morte 95 
munera (acc.) 83 
murmurat 51 
mutat 64 
nam 8, 38 
narrante 104 
natura 42, 47, 77, 81, 121 
naufragus 114, 135 
navifragi (gen.) 51 
nec 11, 16, 28, 29, 37, 51, 52, 


66, 70, 82, 83 bis, 118, 126, 132 


nefas (nom.) 97 
nefas (ace.) 56, 99, 103, 150 
negat 89 
negavit 89 
neget 41 
nempe *127 
nemus (acc.) 52 
neque 147 
nequiquam *118 
nescis 136 
nescit 43, 48, 53, 58, 63, 68, 
73, 78, 82 
nidos 55 
nihil (nom.) 35, 39, 117 
nil (acc.) 120, 143 
nocens (nom.) 24 
nocentis 39, 99 
nocentem 132 
nocens (voc.) 9, 124 
nomen (acc.) 109 
nomina (acc.) 23 
non 20, 32 bis, 36, 84, 121, 122, 
126, 131 bis, 134 


nondum 134 
nosco 
novit 70 
nostra (fem.) 108 
nostri (gen.) (-o A) 112 
nostrum (acc.) 142, 150 
nostro (abl.) 96 
nostros 138 
nostra (ace.) 2 
nox 49 
noctis 82 
noctem 69 
nocte 57, 62 
nudus (-os A) 113 
nullus 26, 100 
nullam 6 
nulla (nom.) 7 
numquam 29, 119 
nunc 27, 58 
odit 126 
officiis (dat.) 77, 125 
omnia (acc ) 41 
opem 72 
orbem 46 
os 
ora (ace.) *20 
oscula (acc.) 110 
otia (nom.) 2 
pallentibus (abl.) 48 
paras 101, 106, 112, 117, 138 
parvum (acc.) 94 
pascit 55 
patientis 12 
passus 17, 97 
pectore 96 
pello 
pulsum (nom.) 96 
penates (acc.) 138 
pendet 14 
pependit 18 
pendens 53 
penitus 24 
pensat 56 
per 25, 69, 71, 174, 113 
peragunt 50 
peregi (-it A) 102 
perdo 33 
perdere 118 


An Anonymous Episile of Dido to Aeneas 55 


perit 36 
perimus 123 
peritura (fem.) 87, (nom. pl.) 74 
perfide 35, 119, 124 
pericula (acc.) 97, 1386 
petebas 36 
Philomela 54 
piacula (acc.) 86 
pietate 111, 123 
pignore 109 
pignera (acc.) 59 
pingo 
pictus 80 
pinnis (abl.) 53 
pius 
pia (nom. pl.) 83, 120 
pia (ace.) 1 
placet 38 
placent 83 
plus (ace.) 11 
plura (acc.) 16 
poetam 5 
pollice 19 
polus 
poli (gen) 50 
ponto (abl.) 91 
ponti (nom.) 73 
possum 122 
potest 5 
poteram 91, 93 
poteras 37 
possem 118 
post *74, 150 
praecipitare 93 
praestat 145 
prata (nom.) 79 
premit 57 
prior 105 
pro 33 
probant 122 
probus 3 
profecto (dat.) 137 
proventu (-um A) 67 
pudor 23, 89 
pudoris 54, 128 
puer 107 
puto 133, 143 
quam (conj.) 133 


quamvis (conj.) 10 
quantus 148 
quatit 52 
-que 3, 17, 18, 22, 24, 25, 40, 49, 
50, 55, 56, 59, 61, 71, 74, 
76, 86, 92 bis, 94, 95, 102, 
103 bis, 104, 107, *110, 138, 
142, 150 
querellas 15, 56 
querellis (abl.) 39, 87 
queror 87, 131 
querulos 55 
qui 126, 133 
quae 140 
quod 45, 76 
cuius 29, 90 
cul 4, 108, 128 
quem 12 
quod (acc.) 4, 35, 57, 89, 
117, 120 
quae (acc.) 13, 118 
quicumque 
quascumque 114 
quies 70 
quis (interrog.) 98, 99 
cui 100, 105, 111, 116, F128 
quid (acc.) 2, 19, 122, 125 
quisquis 1, 40 
quidquid (nom.) 130 
quidquid (ace.) 34, 118, 127 
quod (conj.) 38, 39, 132 
quotiens 18 
rapit 42 
recenset 61 
recipit 47 
recursus 38 
recusem 128 
reddis 31 
reddent 29 
redde 119 
reddere 70, 108 
regnas 143 
regnantis 130 
regnum (acc.) 129 
regna (ace.) 712, 35, 36, 116, 140 
rego 
regit 75 
regat 144 


56 An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


remittis 9 
remissus 22, *127 
reparant 73 
reparare 69 
reparatum (acc.) 43 
repellis 133 
rependit 126 
rependes 100, 105, 111, 116 
reposcam (-ent A) 117 
requiro 12 
requiris 1 
rerum 37, 63, 122 
resolvere 94 
revirescit 65 
revocata (fem.) 18 
rident 79 
ridens (red-A) $24 
Romula +35 
rosa 
rosis (abl.) 79, 81 
roscida (nom.pl.) 78 
rubet 45 
rumpere 94 
ruricolis (dat.) 72 
ruris 71 
sacer 
sacro (abl.) 140 
sacramenta (nom.) 33 
saepe 10 
salis 51 
salutem 6 
sceptra (acc.) 129 
scribere 90 
secreta (ace.) 61 
sed 7, 36, 85, 89, 96, 1382, 145, 146 
semine 63 
semper 1, 72 
sensus 12 
si 8, 30, 38, 101, 106, 112, 117, 
1205131 
sic 1, 46 
siccus 134 
sidere 141 
sidera (nom.) 50 
silentia (nom.) 82 
simul 148 
sine (prep.) 148 


solus 42, 47, 52, 57, 62, 67, 72, 
(MiMsuls aey/ 
solvit 68 
somnus 61 
somni (gen.) 83 
sonat 4 
sopitus 25 
sopor 71 
sororl 45 
sortem 37, 42, 103 
sorte 36 
spisso (abl.) 65 
studet 15 
sub 28, 55, 80, 100 
successu (-us A) 74 
sul 
sibi 120 
sum 7134 
est 35, 39, 117 
eras *113, 182, 149 
erat 27, 130, *148 
erit 30, 7148 
fui 29 
fuit 19 
fuissent 115 
esse 5, 121 bis, 132, 136 
suo (abl.) (-os A) 74 
sua 76 
sua (nom.pl.) 59 
sua (acc.) 42, 46, 47, 52, 57, 
62, 67, 72, 73, 77, 81, 85 
tacet 51, 54 
taceam 114 
tacitos 88 
tacitis (abl.) 87 
taedens *24 
taedia (acc.) 42, 47, 52, 57, 
62162 ani 
talis (nom.) 30 
tamen 116, 150 
tantummodo 85 
tantus 147 
tantum (acc.) 98 
tanta (ac.) 128 
temporis 64 
tendas 34 
tenebras 49 


An Anonymous Epistle of Dido to Aeneas 


tenent 33 
terra 64 
thalami (gen.) 59 
times 136 
timendus 149 
timendos 121] 
torpor 20 
torsit 22 
torus 32 
torum 62 
totidem 86 
totus F123 
totum (ace.) 33 
trahit 41 
trahens 102 
tractus 22 
trepidanti (abl.) 19 
Troiane 9, 31, 133 
tu 
tibi 115 bis, 127, 137, 140, 142 
te (ace.) 132 
te (abl.) 104 
tumentibus (abl.) 92 
tumescunt (-it A) 79 
tutus *123 
tutior 136 
tuus 
tuas 92 
tua (ace.) 1 
Tyrios 129 
ubique 149 
umbris 48 
unda 51 
undas 113, 1385 
undis (abl.) 92 
unde 38 
ut 114 
uxore 60 
vacat 77 


vacet 8 
-ve T110 
vel 12, 96, 119 
verba (nom.) 11, 125 
verba (ace.) 17, 23, 40 
verni (gen.) *78 
verum (ace.) 109 
vesui {78 
vias 17 
vicem 31, 47 
vices (ace.) 64 
vicibus (abl.) 76 
videbas (-bor A) 114 
vinco 
~ vietus 85 
victa (fem.) 54, 147 
viro (abl.) 60 
vis 
vires (ace.) 70 
viscera (acc.) 95 
vitreas 66 
vive 150 
vocabula (ace.) 20 
voco 40, 119 
vocant 9 
volo 
velim 118 
vellem 87, 88, 145 
vellet 98 
voluptas 4 
vorat 26 
vota (nom.) 30 
votis (dat.) 27 
vota (ace.) 1, 39, 61, 69, 87, 
99, 103, 126, 137 
VOX 
vocem 21 
vulnera (ace.) 40, 85, 145 


57 


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